Honesty in the Crucible Essay

The phrase â€Å"honesty is the best policy,† applies to Arthur Miller’s history-based drama, The Crucible, in a variety of ways. The accusations throughout the story build on lie after lie after lie from those trying to protect their own name, thus putting the whole town in a state of confusion and chaos. Nobody in the small town of Salem, Massachusetts knows whom to trust anymore, after all of the false allegations made. There are three characters in particular in the story that, if they had told the truth from the commencement, the town would have been in a state of peace rather than mayhem. If Abigail Williams, John Proctor, and Elizabeth Proctor had been honest, many innocent lives could have been spared and Salem would not be in such disarray. Abigail Williams lies many times throughout The Crucible. In Act I, Abigail deceives Reverend Parris by claiming that the reason she was dismissed from working for the Proctors was due to the fact that â€Å"She [Elizabeth Proctor] hates me, uncle, he must, for I would not be her slave† (Miller 12). The reality of this statement is that although Abigail claims, â€Å"there be no blush upon my name† (Miller 12), Abigail was discharged from her laboring duties because she had a love affair with John Proctor. Abigail continues with this deception throughout the entire story, which later leads to the downfall of many others. Another example of Abigail’s dishonesty is while dancing in the forest one night with other girls, Abigail tried to cast a charm to kill Elizabeth Proctor so she could have John all to herself. When the villagers of Salem received word of this, Abigail quickly denies the accusations of witchcraft by diverting the attention to others by lying and claiming to have seen many people with the devil while in the forest. Another lie Abigail concocts in The Crucible is that Elizabeth Proctor sent her spirit on Abigail and claims â€Å"a needle were found stuck into her belly† (Miller 76), when in fact, Abby stuck herself just to make it appear that Elizabeth committed the heinous act. If Abigail had not continuously lied to protect her reputation, none of the suspicion of witchcraft would have occurred and innocent people would not have had to go through the burden of trials, prison, and the fear of sure death. John Proctor also lies throughout The Crucible. Although he has come clean to his wife, Elizabeth, about his love affair with Abigail, it is still a secret to the rest of the citizens of Salem. John is severely ashamed of his act of adultery, and has trouble admitting it to himself. When Elizabeth suggests early on,†I think you must tell him[Hale], John† (Miller 67), Proctor evades admitting the truth to Reverend Hale of his affair even though it could have been a valid excuse for the Proctor family’s lack of attendance at church and John’s inability to say the commandment, â€Å"Thou shalt not commit adultery.† In Act III, when John finally is forced to admit his clandestine affair with Abigail to the court, nobody believes him. Because John has waited so long to confess his affair, it just looks like a poor attempt to save him and Elizabeth from the indictments. If John had divulged the secret of his affair earlier on, people might scorn him for his sin, but he would have evaded the allegations of witchcraft. Although John Proctor and Abigail Williams are dishonest throughout the majority of The Crucible, Elizabeth Proctor remains truthful for most of the story. She does make one very grave mistake that sets the precedent for her husband’s future. When asked, â€Å"To your own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crime of lechery?† (Miller 113), Elizabeth lies to the court in agony answering, †No, sir.† (Miller 113). John, having already confessed the sin to the court, is believed a liar and sentenced to death by hanging. Although Elizabeth only lied to protect her husband’s good name, if she had been honest with the court, John’s life could have been spared. If Abigail Williams, John Proctor, and Elizabeth Proctor had been honest, many innocent lives could have been spared and Salem would not be in such disarray. They lied for different reasons (Abigail out of greed, and John and Elizabeth to spare John’s reputation), but nevertheless, the lying lead to bedlam throughout the city, distrust, confusion, and more lies. Arthur Miller’s idea of the theme of honesty in The Crucible is that the truth is always meant to always be told, and no matter how painful the consequences, the penalties for lying will always be heavier.

Movie Essay on Cool Hand Luke

Individuals who tend to change their ideas and perspectives in relation to the others tend to show or express conformity. On the contrary, non-conformity would be the tendency of the individuals to keep their belief system and point of views even in the presence of others. This 1967 movie, which began by flashing the word â€Å"violation† in the screen, illustrates or describes how the life of a free-spirited vagabond named Lucas â€Å"Luke† Jackson stirs up the lives of others in a struggle of conformity and non-conformity in reaching an ultimate freedom. From the very beginning of the movie, the audience is already presented with non-conformity and disobedience to the law or authority. The character, Luke, was first introduced in the movie by cutting the heads off parking meters. He was obviously drunk and his actions are against the law, and thus were brought to court where he was asked to defend his side. According to the findings of Flloyd Allport’s studies, conformers usually do not make extreme judgments whenever they are in the presence of others. On the other hand, since Luke was a non-conformer, he does not deviate from his own beliefs, but rather deviates from the society. Instead of defending his self, his strong spirit remained and he told the court that he was just trying to settle up some old scores. It may suggest that he had previous problems or violations regarding parking rules, thought there were no clues given about it. His deviance irritated those in authority and caused him to be thrown in Florida prison, receiving a punishment which does not fit his crime. In the prison, he becomes part of a chain gang, and his individual life becomes entangled with the other inmate’s lives. People who are sent to prison usually tends to conform to the authority who maintains the order, however, Luke who had been a non-conformer even before being sent to the prison does not. He still continues to throw cheerful comments and all-around bravado against the authority in the prison. He always finds something wrong in the prison system and boldly states this with cheerful remarks. This type of non-conformity is opposite to the type of conformity called the â€Å"normative influence†. Instead of being afraid of disapproval by conforming to the expectations of the other inmates in the prison, Luke does not conform to their expectations. He gets the approval of the other inmates by continuing his non-conforming personality and by exceeding the expectations of his inmates. A scene in the movie shows how he raised a bet to eat 50 boiled eggs in one hour, resulting to an applause or raised fame inside the prison. His deviance and stubbornness even became more evident when he fought a boxing match with another prisoner named Dragline. He was beaten and defeated by Dragline in the match. However, he persists on not giving up and tried to stand up everytime he falls down. The match only ended when Dragline walked away from it. Such actions, stubbornness and non-conformity led to the development of conformity among other prisoners towards him. Moreover, Luke shared his experience of being a buck private during his entire service to the military when he first entered the Florida prison. He received several medals that recognize his bravery, courage and may even show his humanitarian side, while in the service. These medals did not only show his performance as a private but also gave proof of his deviance to authority. It can be thought that he does not receive any promotion or his performance is not seen by his superiors because he was having a hard time in obeying authority. On the other hand, it may also suggest that he receives promotion after receiving the medals, but gets demoted afterwards because of his non-conforming personality. The other prisoners used what they know of Luke as a standard of someone they can idolize. In addition to this, Luke’s individuality as compared to the others and his relative status in comparison with group stands out, proving that he may be someone who can be admired. Luke becomes well known in the minds of the prisoners and the authority alike by escaping several times from prison. In one of his escapes which actually took a very long time, Luke sends a magazine to his inmates or other prisoners containing a photograph. The photograph shows Luke together with two beautiful women and because of this, the inmates felt thrilled and their expectations or admiration towards Luke increased. His status in relation to the others prisoners was raised because of his competence and cunning intelligence as proved by his escapes. On the other hand, he was later on caught and because he was already notorious, the prison authorities already marked him and he was beaten severely. In one of the scenes, Lucas Jackson was even placed in â€Å"the box† to prevent him from trying to escape during the death of his mother. The authorities thought that Luke might use the death of his mother as an alibi to escape again, and the authorities do not want this to happen. They even give harder or heavier punishments to Luke as compared to the other inmates until at last, Luke’s spirit was shattered and he conforms to the authority. The veneration which the other prisoners had towards look was lost as the deviant spirit of Luke was shattered. He was treated with utmost care by his fellow inmates after he was severely beaten because of their admiration of his greatness, as proved by the picture he has sent them. However, Luke was already delirious because of the pain he had suffered and admits to the other prisoners that it was merely a fake. He even added that it cost him a lot to pay for it. By the time that Luke had recovered from his injuries, the admiration which the other prisoners had already has a crack on it and the movie shows how they kept their distance from Luke. They somehow do not believe his admission and persuaded their selves to believe falsely of his greatness. They do not want to believe the harsh reality of an individual who is being pursued by the authority. This result to a â€Å"real enforcement pressure† which somehow tells a false compliance of the prisoners to the myth they created about Luke and a false reinforcement (Centola et.al. p.1036). The punishment which was given to him by the authorities, of digging a large hole, filling and digging it up again, further decreased his fame and eventually led to a struggle to death. The prisoners felt shame everytime they were to look at Luke. Luke, who wanted to maintain the approval of his inmates and wanting a rest for his body, conformed to the authority after he collapsed from exhaustion. He was seen by the prisoners begging for mercy from the Boss or the head of the prison authority. He wanted them to stop from beating him. Such conformity finally destroyed the admiration which he gained through his deviant attitude or behavior before. His conformity to the authority led to the non-conformity of the prisoners towards Luke. A scene in the movie shows a prisoner tearing up the picture of Luke together with the two beautiful ladies. When Luke collapsed, he was no longer helped by the other prisoners and he had a hard time going to his own bed. Finally, everyone deserted him and he was again alone. Nonetheless, he mustered his strength and spirit to once again escape from prison. He was successful and this even resulted to the escape of another prisoner, Dragline. The last scenes movie took place in a church where Luke went in to resort to God. The authority, especially Dragline, tried to bring him back. However, despite the stress which was given by his current condition, he maintains his independence by disobeying and mocking the captain (Asch, p.569). The authorities disgusted with his actions, announce that it was â€Å"a failure of communication† and shot him to death. After his death, Dragline immortalized Luke by telling his legend and his blissful escapes to the other prisoners; Luke becoming an embodiment of the prisoner’s rebellious desires. If Luke had decided to return, then he would be defeated and become like the other prisoners who would need to conform to the authority in order to stay alive. However, his non-conformity led to the continuation of Luke the hero and to an ultimate, personal freedom. Luke’s death supports the thought or concept that an individual will not be able to win against the system and clearly shows the â€Å"violation† of the human spirit. References Asch, S. E. Effects of Group Pressure Upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgments. Journal of Soc. Psychology. Centola, D., Willer, R., & Macy, M. The Emperor's Dillema: A Computational Model of Self-Enforcing Norms. American Journal of Sociology. Pearce, D. (November 1, 1967). Cool Hand Luke. New York: Warner Bros.   

Company Sales Management Plan (Hart Hospital Equipment, Inc) Term Paper

Company Sales Management Plan (Hart Hospital Equipment, Inc) - Term Paper Example An appropriate sales management plan helps to increase the productivity of sales force as well as raise the performance of an organization in the market. In this competitive market environment, organizations require to develop a strong sales force structure and appropriate strategies which can ensure success in the form of high revenue. The paper will analyze the sales force of Hart Hospital Equipment, Inc. which deals in selling several medical care equipments. On the basis of assessing the sales strategies of Hart Hospital Equipment, Inc by recognizing its territory alignment, customer segmentation, sales force and account strategy, this paper would recommend about the number of sales representatives and effective sales force structure which can be profitable for the company. Analysis of Hart’s â€Å"Go-to-Market† strategy Go-to-market strategy outlines the actions and the involvement which relate an organization to the customers and the market opportunities. The go-t o-market activities of Hart can be divided into two parts which are: customer attraction activities and channel activities. The customer attraction activities are considered as responsibility of salespersons. However, the salespersons are not involved in the channel activities (Zoltners, Sinha & Zoltners, 2001). The sales strategy of any company can be of two kinds i.e. direct selling and indirect selling. The direct sales force includes those people who are employed by organization on a constant basis for selling products to customers directly. In indirect selling, organizations use salespersons from other companies such as merchants, distributors, agents or hired sales force. There are several substitutes for direct and indirect sales force which comprise of advertising and promotion, exhibitions, direct mail, telesales and e-sales. Hart Hospital Equipment Inc. (HHE) uses the direct sales force for trading their products. It mainly uses the magazine advertisements, direct mail and conventions to reach to the target customer segments. The following diagram will depict the go-to-market activities of HHE: The go-to-market strategy provides a methodology for determining the role of direct sales force for an organization’s business. In case of HHE, their sales force is the major medium for promoting products in the market. Through their sales force, HHE can effectively express the information about products to the customers. The sales force of HHE provides effective service to the customers in order to retain them. Analysis of Hart’s Overall Sales Force The sales force of a company can vary from country to country or industry to industry. The sales force of HHE is divided into three regional areas where it performs the business operations. The following image will describe the overall sales force of HHE: In HHE, there are almost 93 sales representatives and among them almost 87 representatives have geographically determined area which is further div ided into three districts. The sales force of HHE serves the pre-hospital market locally. In the medical equipment industry, the sales force of HHE is quite active. Components of HHE’s Sales Force Every organization which deals in selling products can be observed in terms of three basic components which are sales force investment, sales force activity and company results. The sales force investment is regarded as the amount associated with employing salespersons such as expenses for employing, providing training assistance and arranging meeting among others. For HHE, the company spends almost 13% of their total sales revenue for the sales force which is 2% point less compared to industry average. The sales force activ

The Tobacco Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tobacco Industry - Essay Example This paper will examine the historical mechanisms through which the tobacco companies exercised their political influence, assess whether they influenced the public policy process legitimately, and discuss how this particular case study affects people generally. As a preliminary matter, from an historical point of view, the tobacco industry has most certainly influenced the public policy process. Their general approach has been essentially twofold. First, the tobacco industry has relied for many decades on financial contributions made to political parties and to individual candidates and incumbents. These financial contributions were not made on the basis of any particular ideological affinity; indeed, until the election of the Clinton administration in the mid-1990s, the tobacco industry contributed roughly the same amount to both political parties. This changed, however when the Clinton administration began to highlight the public health issues involving tobacco. In short, financial contributions were used for many years to influence both parties; after Clinton took a harder stand against tobacco, the contributions continued but predominantly in favor of the Republican Party. These contributions were supplemented by financial contribution s, made through political action committees,, to individual candidates and incumbents. In addition to these "soft money contributions", a second mechanism was the creation, funding, and support of lobbying groups with interests in line with those of the tobacco industry. As the case study notes, the tobacco industry, either of its own initiative or through its proxy, the Tobacco Institute, funded or supported advocacy groups, think tanks, and other research projects consistent with their economic and public policy aims. There was no particular concern for scientific integrity; quite the contrary, as the case study explains, the tobacco industry was most interested in partisan research that could be used to influence public policy in it is favor. In sum, these financial contributions and lobbying efforts formed the primary mechanisms by which the tobacco industry influenced public policy. This influence was profound and remarkably successful; to be sure, the tobacco industry had never lost a product liability lawsuit until 1996, and governmental efforts to regulate tobacco had been fundamentally feeble. The question, in hindsight, is whether the tobacco industry influenced the public policy process in a legitimate manner. The answer must be, despite technical niceties, a resounding no. This is because the tobacco industry effectively corrupted the public policy process for its own ends rather than contributing to an honest public discussion. Politicians were afraid to lose their financial

OH&S-Incident investigation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

OH&S-Incident investigation - Case Study Example When the accident happened, the company nurse was unable to assist Mike as she had no previous training on forklift accidents. The accident resulted in the death of Mike. A comprehensive workplace safety investigation was then launched. The nurse was interviewed and she admitted that she was unable to render first aid. The warehouse supervisor was interviewed and he had admitted that they were not able to follow the scheduled maintenance of all the forklift trucks due to budgetary constraints. Several forklift operators admitted that there was no journal for recording injuries on the workplace. An interview with the truck operators yielded answers which point to the poor maintenance of the trucks. An interview with the company treasurer revealed that he had not released any budget for the maintenance of the trucks for the same period. The results were disconcerting. More than half of the forklifts, had the same safety switches disconnected, there was no set maintenance schedule, no procedure for reporting defects, no competent adviser on health and safety and no adequate management systems in place. Staff at the depot were encouraged to work as quickly as possible under a "work and finish" regime, which meant once they finished a set work quota, they could go home or move on to a higher rate of pay. But the court was told how the system was "not conducive to good health and safety practice" and left no time for preventive maintenance on the forklift trucks. The only employee at the site who is responsible for health and safety measures was an occupational nurse with no technical knowledge of forklift trucks. STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION OF WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS There is a need to put into place an Injury Prevention Program with the commitment of top management. The first strategy is to assign responsibilities to specific personnel. There must be a maintenance engineer who will manage the preventive maintenance of all the forklifts in the place. This engineer will schedule regular inspections and evaluation system for the forklift trucks. This is an appropriate action since an added accident report at the company warehouse will merit fines from the Australian government. The company will also spend more money paying hospital costs and insurance expenses to the affected employees. This Injury Prevention Program will only be functional if the top management gives their full support behind it. The second strategy is to have a safety communications system with employees. The company must have a form readily understandable by all affected employees on matters relating to occupational safety and health, including provisions designed to encourage employees to inform the employer of hazards at the worksite without fear of reprisal. This is an effective move since this strategy will pinpoint potential accident hazards in the workplace. The end result will be accident prevention. The third strategy is to establish a system for assuring employee compliance with safe work practices. An important part of the strategy is to outline the procedures for correcting unsafe and unhealthy conditions. This will prevent many hazards from occurring through scheduled and documented self-inspections. An effective hazard control system will result in the identification of several hazards that exist or develop in the

Islam as a Way of Life in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Islam as a Way of Life in Britain - Essay Example The recent terrorist attacks have even more made them subdued and separated from other communities living in Britain. So an Islamic person's life has to follow more of a dreadful path in the current scenario and some of it is being analyzed here. The research is aimed at portraying the pathos and future prospects of the Muslims in Britain. The research provides a brief history of the religion; development of the religion in Britain; acceptance of British and effects and aftermaths of 7/11 terrorist attacks; the hatred among the British and the role of media and government in fuelling it is described. Finally, the research concludes providing view into the future prospects for Muslims in Britain. Islam emphasizes the unity of God. The religion of Islam imparts idol free worship. The number of people following Islam is increasing. Around 1.5 billion Muslims are believed to exist in this world. People who follow Islam are known as "Muslims". They have their own beliefs and follow Quran and the messengers of god. Prophets are also treated as servants of god. The name Islam is not derived from the name of a person, like other religions. This religion worships Allah and does not worship any other person separately. Allah is believed to be the creator who has created the other things. The main concept of Islam is to be kind towards every human and to be compassionate. Islam was found in the 7th century. Islam has its origin in Arabia. Most of the Muslims reside in the Asia. Muslims belong to countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh. Now they have been moving to almost all the countries and thus considered as the religion that is growing on a fast pace. Islam preaches every human is equal. They are firm that no human should be discriminated. (Joel & Soper 2005) The Holy book Quran encompasses several aspects of human life. It expects one to have the knowledge and must maintain a cordial relationship with fellow beings. As oneness is the mission of Islam, any Muslim is not afraid of any superstitions because they believe Allah is universal and thus he will exist at any place. There are five principles that every Muslim should follow. The first principle says having faith in God and the messengers are the main pillar of Islam. Prayers have to be done daily at five times, which is the second principle. Third law states they should observe fasting for a month, that month is known as "Ramadan". Fourth principle emphasizes on helping the poor and the needy. The last pillar explains that a Muslim must go on a pilgrimage trip to Mecca, which is considered to be the Holy place. (Joel & Soper 2005) Quran is considered as God's revelation. The meaning of Islam is obeying; any person following Islam must obey the principles and abide by them. Islamic policies decide how a Muslim should lead his life and the culture that has to be followed. Islam consists major categories namely, Sunny, Shiite. Mohammed's demise lead to this separation as two sub sects. The differences were regarding the leaders who they trust. People from Sunni; believe God is related with each and every individual. Shiites think there are separate clerics who impart the will of God. Development of Islam in Britain Islam had spread world while from the time of its existence. During the 8th century, Muslims had problems with the Isles of Britain. After this many people from Britain started travelling through the Islamic

What are the main uses of ultrasound in (i) an imaging department, and Essay - 1

What are the main uses of ultrasound in (i) an imaging department, and (ii) a vascular department If possible, relate your answer to observations of actual departments or centres - Essay Example Because of the clarity of the images, especially the 3 dimension and 4 dimension types, it is now possible to view the development of the foetus in the womb and the nature of a timorous growth in the breast among others. Vascular ultrasound is used to view pictures of the body’s blood vessels. The vessels are made up mainly of veins and arteries, which are differentiated by the direction in which they carry blood flow in relation to the heart. Veins carry blood into the heart while arteries carry it away from the heart. Vascular sonographies are therefore important in helping doctors to view the flow of the blood and any blockages or constrictions in the vessels carrying it. In this way, causes of problems such as strokes or coronary malfunctions can be easily identified1. A variety of this ultrasound technique is the Doppler technique, which is used specifically to measure the rate of blood flow in the vessels. It is obviously a very important intervention in case of hypertension. The Doppler technique helps in imaging the rate and direction of the flow of blood. It contrasts the blood from the vein by for instance showing the veins as blue in color while the blood is red. The colorful image s shown are not only picturesque and breathtaking but also give a very accurate display of the flow. Problems such as blockages or interruptions can also be easily noticed2. The type of sonography known as imaging is a noninvasive test method that enables medical practitioners to examine internal organs of the body without necessarily cutting the patient open. It specifically concentrates on a particular organ for a definite purpose. This imaging falls into three main categories. The first is the A-mode in which a single sound wave is used to scan a strait line in the body giving its image in terms of depth. This applies to the scanning of a tumor for instance. The B-mode involves a

Short Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short Report - Assignment Example HPV can be classified into high or low risk depending on the likelihood of the infection causing cancer. Low risks once in a blue moon lead to cancer while on the other hand, high risk has the possibility to cause cancer but it’s not automatic for it to lead to cancer. Skin warts: these are commonly known as plantar or flat warts. The major cause of these warts is the low risk type infections. Genital warts: this is caused by type 6 and 11. This is a low risk type. Cervical dysplasia: this is a term used to refer to the scratching of abnormal cells caused by the HPV in the women’s’ cervix. Cervical cancer: HPV 16 and 18 are the major causes of this disease. HPV does go into the body through which in turn it infects the cells in the layers of the skin. Later on due to cell division, they undergo mutation leading to multiplication of the virus infections in the body. One can stay for a very a long time before realizing that he or she is infected with the HPV due to the time duration it takes from infection stage to the time when the wounds appear. HPV is transmitted through skin-to- skin contact. For example, HPV that causes skin warts can be transmitted through a body cut. However, the risk of transmission is low. It is important to note that individuals who walk barefooted in public places such market places, or gym are likely to be infected by the different types of HPV that cause plantar warts. HPV infection that causes genital warts is most infectious and is transmitted through sexual activity by a person not infected with an infected person. During their acts such as kissing or being in touch with the skin of the infected person on the infected areas such scrotum, vagina, vulva or anus and having sexual intercourse can lead to contracting the disease (Oregon Immunization Program 2008). At times most infections go unnoticed due to lack of symptoms through which they can be identified with. In this regard, the disease can remain in

American Steel Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Steel Industry - Research Paper Example One of the industrial relations patterns that have emerged and which the international leadership of the united steelworkers of America appears to be advocating is a new cooperative partnership, modeled after the 1986 National Steel Agreement. This new industrial relations model includes significant quality and flexibility-enhancing work restructuring coupled with an increased share of compensation linked to firm performance and productivity in exchange for job security guarantees and unprecedented employee and union participation and information sharing at all levels of the company (Anon 2). Economic, technological and institutional changes in the 1980s have fundamentally transformed the industrial relations system in the American steel industry. Prior to the 1980s, the bargaining structure in steel matched the concentrated and centralized nature of the industry as a whole. Not only did a multi-employer bargain set the pattern for the wider industry, but also there was coordination of pay for particular jobs through the co-operative arrangements. The inaccessibility to potential entrants of requisite iron ore supplies of high grade has imposed a major barrier to entry to the American steel industry. In the period since the reconstruction of Europe and Japan following the Second World War, earlier reductions in tariffs on steel have invited the influx of foreign supplies; until at present foreign producers are supplying an appreciable minor fraction of the American market. These foreign suppliers are drawing on iron ore reserves that have not been generally accessible to potential entrant firms that might have produced steel in America. As a result, the barrier to entry to the American steel market that depended on the close holding of domestically available iron ore deposits by established American firms has been appreciably reduced. American steel

Person Centred Care Essay Example for Free

Person Centred Care Essay Individuality- Being unique and not seeing a person with their illness. This is important to make someone feel like his/her own person. Rights- Each person is entitled to their rights and they should be respected. This is important to make sure that everyone is treated the same. Choice- Make sure you choose the right choice and give them the right choice of their carer. This is important so that a person is comfortable with their choice. Privacy- This is respecting another’s privacy. This is important because a person could get embarrassed if their privacy is not respected and have low self esteem Dignity- Make sure you respect someone’s dignity this is important so that they don’t feel embarrassed. Independence- Not doing everything for a person. This is important so that a person is able to do certain things for him/herself Respect- Recognising them as a person. Read more:Â  Evaluate the Use of Care Plans in Applying Person-Centred Values This is important so that a person is felt like they are being treated fairly no matter what their sex, age or religion is. Partnership- Working with an older person or a vulnerable adult this could be the health services, social services, education services, family, friends or even informal carers. You must be able to explain the best practice which requires social care workers to be able to work in person centred ways reference to the current legalisation such as the government papers and the codes of practice. You also must be able to explain how the individuals receive the best of care once they decide what they want and how they want it to be delivered. Consent in adult social care refers to the provision of approval or agreement, particularly and especially after thoughtful consideration. Social care workers must gain the consent of an individual so that they are able to help the individual out it is also because of legal implications, for example if someone is going to clean an individual they need permission to do so before they go ahead. A social care worker might gain the consent of an individual by verbally or written confirmation, by asking questions by giving the individual different choices. If a social care worker is unable to get consent due to the individual not being able to express themselves due to a mental illness or a lack of mental capacity or even because they are terminally ill then their consent may be obtained by asking their family or their next of kin.

How Animation Affects Children Film Studies Essay

How Animation Affects Children Film Studies Essay In today advancement of technology, television is a big part in the role of delivering information to the society. The influence of this form of media has no exception to children. Nowadays, children are growing up with television. They learn from television and trying to make sense of this system of communication. To understand what they are learning from it, the use of television and how they absorb the information are important areas to learn further about this issue. Animation as a part of television programs plays an important role to children development since animation often related to children as its target audiences. The use of cognitive skills and how they relate to many aspects inside the animation such as narrative, character, and many more influence what knowledge and skills that they acquire from watching animation. It influences their cognitive and social development with things that they are not obtained from their parents and teachers at school. This issue raises que stions such as what can children learn from watching animation, or how children with different ages and cultures make sense of it in their development process. Chapter 1: Children Learning Process 1.1 Children Cognitive Development Before talking further about content of animation that influences children learning process, it is important to study the learning process of the children itself. Jean Piaget theory about cognitive development is a good first step to understand how children get their knowledge, construct it and use it. According to Piaget, a newborn baby enters the world without basic cognitive skills and through the development as a child, he consistently trying to adapt the world around him. Constructing such an understanding is basically what cognitive development is all about. Piaget defines it as the properties of intelligence that explains why certain behaviours happened. According to Piaget there are three components that exist in cognitive development, which are function, content, and structure. Function in this case refers to broad characteristics of intellectual activity; on the other hand, content refers to what do children know, which is about raw behavioural data that is observable. In between function and content, Piaget mentioned about the existence of cognitive structure, which is the properties of intelligence that causing particular behaviours to occurs. When a child watching animation, they use their existing knowledge to make sense of the animation that they are watching, they are trying to understand what is happening in front of their eyes at the moment. Different age group has different way of seeing and perceived things because cognitive structure keep evolving as a human grow up and obtaining information through their experiences. To explore further about the age group of children and what can they absorb during those periods of time, Piaget further divided cognitive development process into four stages: Sensory-motor stage / Infancy (0-2 years) In this stage of development, a child is trying many things that he can feel, taste, see, smell, and hear. Through this repetitive process, he starts to build images in his brain about his surroundings. He is learning to identify things based on the interaction between the object and his five senses. He slowly learns about the existence of an object and learning to use symbolic abilities such as language. At this stage, he is still learning about object permanence. He is still unaware about the existence of an object when it is out of his sight, for example is a child who has his candy taken away from him and simply hide it will make him think that the candy is gone therefore he started crying. Pre-operational stage / toddler and early childhood (2-7 years) This stage of development a child started to learn to use symbolic images to define things and developing language ability. This is the stage where a child started to imitate other people behaviour while still having an egocentric thought. He needs a concrete physical situation to understand what is going on around him as he is not able to conceptualize abstractly in his brain. At this stage, a child is able to define an object based on one characteristic, for example is how a child at this stage will group his toys based on a type of the toys (grouping a car toys regardless of the colour of the toy or the size of it) or based on colour (grouping all red toys regardless the shape of them). Concrete-operational period (7-11 years) At this stage, a child start to lose their egocentric thought. He is able to conceptualize things and formed his logic based on his experiences to grasp the situation around him. He is able to use logic appropriately to manipulate symbols related to concrete objects, classifies objects based on their features and dimensions, and able to do abstract problem solving based on their concrete experiences. Formal-operational period (11-15 years) This last stage involves a child ability to use abstract thinking rather than concrete experiences. He is able to explain his problem solving process, able to use logical reasoning, and start to thinking about his future. Another important analysis done by Piaget is the analysis of how well a child performs on different task between each stage. These tasks analysis involves four areas of study, which are: Hidden Object This area involves object permanence as it was mentioned at the sensory-motor stage before. The term object that Piaget mentioned in his theory refers to things that an individual believed that it exist in this world and able to interact with. At the first stage, which is sensory-motor stage, an infant do not see an object as something that is exist in this world, he only perceived it as a thing that drives his reflexive action. Piaget made an experiment by putting a cloth over a toy which made the child not interested anymore to the object that being covered. A child will slowly grasp the concept of object permanence after leaving the sensory-motor stage. Conservation Regardless the space that objects stayed, the quantity of it will stay the same. This is what Piaget means by conservation in this matter. He made an experiment by presenting water inside containers to a child. He poured water into two containers with the same size and asked the child which one has more water and the child think that they have the same amount of water. When Piaget take one container and poured the water inside into a different container that is thinner and taller and presented it again to the child, the child said that the thinner and taller containers have more water compared to the one before. This example shows that a child still do not have the logic to think about the volume of an object and deceived by the physical appearance of it. As a child grow up, his logic of conservation will be developed until age 11-12 when he reached the peak of concrete operational-period, when he is able to define volume in an object. Transitive Inference Also known as Seriation, Transitive Inference is the skill to logically arrange things based on particular criteria. In this case, Piaget made an experiment by presenting wooden sticks with different length to a child and asked him to arrange them. In the end, the child was not able to arrange them based on the height of each stick and just put them randomly next to each other. Transitive Inference will evolve as a child Conservation skill evolving. By grasping the understanding of each measurement unit, a child will form logic of Transitive Inference in his head as well. Balance-Scale Task Balance scale task involves systematic understanding of physics related area. For this area of study, Piaget made an experiment by placing a bar on top of a small object and adding different weight for each end of the bar. Without considering that the length between the small object and two weights are different, child at pre-operational stage said that the side with more weight will go down. Child at concrete-operational stage struggled to use his logic to combine the two elements, distance and weight. Child at formal-operational period has the logic to decide which side will go down. Piaget uses these four areas of study to explain further about his stages of childs cognitive development. He presented relevant experiments for each category to give a clear example of childs learning process at different stages. 1.2 Knowledge Representation Children and adults have a different way of seeing things. Compared to adults who see things more abstractly and conceptually, the way children seeing things are more imaginary. If both adult and children were given a brown coloured dog, different image representation will be formed in their mind. If adults will try to remember why the dog is brown by thinking what breed is the dog, children will simply remember it as a dog with brown colour. After they fully grasp the idea of object permanence when they entering pre-operational stage, they can form a mental representation inside their mind. Arietta Slade in her book Children at Play defines mental representation as ..an ability with enormous adaptive value. Out of sight no longer means out of mind, an achievement that involves a new capacity for organized psychological experiences. (1994, pp.6) She took an example of a mother and her child by saying that the mental representation of a mother can be stored in the childs mind and during the mother absent, the child will use his mental representation to take out the memory of his mothers basic visual appearance, such as the voice, the smell, or the touch. Piaget in his book defines mental representation as an ability to hold an image in a childs mind for a period beyond the immediate experience. Piaget mentioned that a child is able to form a mental representation after a year and a half during sensory-motor stage. At the later stage, which is pre-operational stage, a child takes the mental representation one step further and started to use symbols as a representation of his knowledge. A symbol can take a form of picture, written word, or spoken word. Due to their egocentric thought a child may use symbols as a representation only for their point of view. For example is an experiment called three mountain task done by Piaget and Barbel Inhelder to study the perspective view of a child. The experiment was done by laying down three models of a mountains and a child facing a direction of those models. On the other side, a doll was placed with a different point of view at those models. Then Piaget asked the child to describe the overlappi ng of those models from the dolls perspective. The existence of egocentrism was proven when a child at pre-operational period cannot differentiate their view and the doll view. At the concrete operational period, children take their symbol representation ability one step above from just using symbols as a representation, to be able to manipulate symbols with their logic. They are not seeing things only from their perspective anymore, but they still need a concrete situation to be able to use their logic to manipulate the symbol. Lastly, when they enter formal-operational stage, concrete situation is no longer needed to put logic to manipulate a symbol. They can think logically to adapt in a abstract situation. By exploring further about how children evolved in their knowledge representation as they grow up, one should have a better understanding of how they perceived things around them. Chapter 2: Children and Animation 2.1 Animation and Archetypes Before talking about archetypes in animation, it is important to get an understanding about the basic of animation. According to Paul Wells in his book Understanding Animation, animation derived from the latin verb, animare, which means to give life to and he further said that ..within the context of the animated film, this largely means the artificial creation of the illusion of movement in inanimate lines and forms. (1998, pp.10) Animation provides us with things that cannot be achieved in real life as Paul Wells further explained in his book, Animation can defy the laws of gravity, challenge our perceived view of space and time, and endow lifeless things with dynamic and vibrant properties. (1998, pp.11) Therefore, animation provides us with imagination that we cannot get from live action movie. Imagination is an important aspect in children development. When children watch an animation, they will relate themselves with the character in the animation. By putting themselves in the shoes of one of the character in the animation, their personalities are being influenced by the archetype of the character in the story. Psychologist Carl Gustave Jung defines archetypes as a result of collective unconscious, which he defines as a knowledge we are all born with, yet we are not conscious of it. Jung divided archetypes into four main forms, which are: The Shadow: The Shadow, embodies chaos and wildness of character, It is an archetype that reflects deeper elements of our mind. The Anima (male)/Animus (female): The Anima/Animus is the route of communication with collective unconscious. It represents our true self, without the mask that we use everyday. The Self: The Self is a process where all aspects are brought together as one. It unifies conscious and unconscious. Joseph Campbell in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces defines seven archetypes in storytelling: Hero: The Hero is basically the protagonist or main character. His journey is a path from the ego, often consist of seperation from his family to a new places before going back to the hometown. Mentor: The Mentor is a character who trains the hero, represents wise quality within us Threshold Guardian: The Threshold Guardian is the heros first obstacle in his journey. Its role is to test the worthiness of the hero to start a journey. Herald: The Herald is not necessarily to be a person. Its role is to delivers a challenge to the hero to begin his journey. Shapeshifter: Often is the opposite sex of the hero, The Shapeshifters role is to delivers suspense to the story by questioning beliefs and assumptions. Shadow: The Shadow often take a role as an antagonist in the story, representing things we do not like that we want to eliminate. Trickster: The Trickster provides comedy to the story to balance its tension. The trickster often is a companion of the hero. 2.2 Narrative in Animation According to dictionary, narrative has a meaning of a story or account of events, experiences, or the like, whether true or fictitious. According to Seymour Chatman in his book Story and Discourse, Narratives are communications, thus easily envisaged as the movement of arrows from left to right, from author to audience. (1978, pp.71) So, it can be said that narrative is a form of communication from the author as a guide to the audience. Chatman tried to draw connections between narrative and how it affecting the audience by breaking down the elements in the narrative. Chatman made an analysis of narrative by detailing the clear distinction between story and discourse. Defining story and discourse is a matter of asking what and how. Story is what the animation trying to communicate, which is the content of the animation, and discourse is how the animation being communicated, which is the form of the animation. Chatman further divides story into two parts which are events and existents. Events exist because there are existents, and vice versa. Events are things that happened in the story and existents are the one who make it happen. Regarding of events, Chatman mention about naturalizing in story which is a way in which audiences come to recognize and interpret convention (1978, pp.49) An author often use Naturalizing to make the audience have a better understanding of what is happening in the event of a story. For example is when a character open and read his diary or a letter, there is background voice that highlighting what is written in it. By connecting the image and the voice, it gives the audience better understanding about that particular event in the story. While Events deal with time in the narrative, on the other hand, existents deal with space. Existents contain settings and characters in the narrative. According to Chatman, setting is the place or collection of objects in movie space that interacting in some way with the character. 2.3 Character in Animation According to Aristotle, characters in narratives have the second place in importance. It exists to fulfill the role that the event requires him or her to perform. This kind of character usually has a very specific trait assigned to them in the story. The meaning of traits according to dictionary is a distinguishing characteristic or quality, especially of ones personal nature. According to Chatman, traits are actions that becoming the label of the character in the story. According to him, character can have more than 1 trait which will creates self conflict in the story; therefore bring out the uniqueness to the character. Chatman definition of character in the narrative can be associated with Carl Jungs archetypes. Carl Jung describes archetypes as repeating patterns of thoughts and actions that re-appear again and again across people. Jung main archetypes are not in a way that each person may be classified as one, but rather we have all the basic archetypes inside us, which is the shadow that embodies chaos and wildness of character, the anima/animus which represents our true self, and the self where all aspects are brought together as one. An example of Jungs archetype can be seen in Lotso, the pink teddy bear from Toy Story 3. He has the anima archetypes at the beginning of the movie when he guiding the hero in his journey. Then as the movie progress, he started to show the shadow archetypes inside of him. 2.4 What Can Children Learn from Animation In their first year, a child is unable to grasp the concept and narrative of the animation that he watches. According to Jean Ann Wright in her book Animation Writing and Development, while an infant still unable to sits by themselves, they enjoying watching television just by paying attention to the changing patterns of light colours and sounds. Therefore, at this sensory-motor stage, animation for them is just the same as other forms of entertainment as they just paying attention to the basic forms, movement and colours. Their lacking of object permanence ability not allows them to understand the existence of a character in the movie. As they move to different stages, they start to explore the world around them. They begin to learn about language and symbols as a representation of actions. They will start to interact with things that they watch until finally they are able to grasp the content of the animation that they watch. As they enter the pre-operational stage, narratives and characters in animation start to have influences on their development. Although they still see things very literally, they start to pay attention at the setting of the event, and as they developing language ability, they will start to imitate the movement and dialog of the character in the animation, although they still unaware of the traits that the particular character possess. They are still relating the character in the animation to them limited to what is literally shown in the movie. Their egocentric thought allows them to relate at the character in the animation in a very narrow point of view. During the Concrete operational stage, a child is now able to relate the characteristic of the character to him to an extent of what a character is being portrayed in the animation. Without his egocentric thought he is able to see the character from other point of view. For example if he watches a Aladdin, he is not only seeing Jasmine as a beautiful princess but also taking the point of view of Aladdin as a princess that want to be free and his lover. But he still need a concrete situation in the movie to help him understand the character from other point of view. And lastly during the formal operational stage, a child is now able to fully relate himself to the character in the animation. He also begins to grasp the concept and morale behind it rather than using an image representation to relate to the character. He is now able to relate himself to the character abstractly using his logic. He is now able to think what possibilities that the character might behave in the movie even i f it is not shown in any scene. Animation has the most impact at this stage, where a child can relate himself to many things from the character other than what the animation showed in the narrative. He will memorize lots of symbols regarding his surroundings. Lets take an example of how a child in formal-operational period can relate himself to violence aspect in animation. Does watching too much violence in animation will leads a child into a violent teenager? For example, a child at this stage will see a gun as a symbol of killing. But at the same time it does not necessarily cause a child to act more violently. As a gun can also symbolize justice where in the movie a hero use it to shoot the villain. It can promote a view that violence is common in everyday life, which will make them think that the world around them is a mean and dangerous place. Therefore it will create fears in their minds. Or it can create the opposite effect that having a gun will make a child feel safe. The ability of abstract thinking that a child at formal-operational period possessed will make a child have a different point of view compared to others. Conclusion By studying children learning process and how they can relate to the narrative and character in animation, it can be said that animation affects children differently according to their cognitive development level. At pre-operational and concrete-operational period, a child started to relate himself to the character in the animation limited to what is being showed in the animation. At formal-operational period, a child is no longer use image representation as much as before and able to fully relate himself to the character in the animation.

William Gibson’s Neuromancer is Cyberpunk :: Neuromancer

William Gibson’s Neuromancer is Cyberpunk   Science fiction somehow manages to place human characters in situations where the ideas and the thoughts of science and morality are intertwined.   Science fiction must have some idea components and some human components to be successful.   This novel seems to be a contrast to the believers in technological progress as it presents a colorful, but depressing and desolate future. The loss of individuality due to technological advances becomes a major theme in cyberpunk.   This presents a dismal view of the individual in society.   The cyberpunk genre developed from â€Å"a new kind of integration.   The overlapping of worlds that were formerly separate: the realm of high tech, and the modern pop underground† (p. 345) 1.   Neuromancer not only falls into this category, it may be the first cyberpunk novel ever written. Gibson’s prose is too dense and tangled for casual readers, such as myself.   His characters are shallow and stereotyped.   The character â€Å"Case† has no purpose apart from existing in cyberspace and abusing drugs.   â€Å"Molly,† his companion, is a mercenary with questionable morals.   John Christie seems to agree with my analysis of this novel: â€Å"Gibson constructs characters which are themselves flat images, beings of no psychological depth, but whose interest and significance derive from their semiotic lineage, in comic, film, pulp crime fiction, and other science fiction† (p. 46) 2.  Ã‚   (Gibson offers his readers a dystopian novel) (by presenting a cyberpunk world where things are generally bleak and they will become worse with time and technology.)   Cyberpunk is supposed to be the vision of a new technological world.   However, the negative portrayal of the integration of technology and society is a fundamental tenet of the literature.   This presents a pessimistic view of scientific advancement.   The genre’s dark tones, seen repeatedly in Neuromancer, emphasize the bleak images throughout the futuristic fiction.   The constant conflict between the individual and a technologically advanced society is a major theme as it stresses man’s insignificance.   These characteristics are interwoven into the fabric of cyberpunk and form a bleak image of science fiction and the future.   Gibson is very vague when describing the specific architecture and nuances of technology used in the designs of the futuristic objects.   This lack of definite details is due to the fact that cyberpunk literature resists the concepts of technology.   The basic precepts of the cyberpunk genre consists of technology as hindrance to man, stories that are saturated in dark and dreary themes, and a character, †Case,† that will either fail or conform to a structured society.

robert the bruce :: essays research papers

Appeals of the Seven Earls, in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328, ed. and trans. by E.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  L. G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1965) Baigent, Michael and Leigh, Richard, The Temple and the Lodge (New York: Arcade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publishing, Inc, 1989) Balliol, John, 'Defiance' By King of Scotland, in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ed. and trans. by E. L. G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1965) Barrow, G. W. S., Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, (Berkely:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University of California Press, 1965) Bingham, Caroline, The Kings and Queens of Scotland, (New York: Taplinger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publishing Company, 1976) Bull of Pope Gregory [4 Jan. 1235], in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328, ed. and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  trans. by E. L. G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1965) Bull of Pope Innocent IV [ 6 Apr. 1251], in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328, ed. and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  trans. by E. L. G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1965) Charter of King Richard, in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328, ed. and trans. by E. L.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1965) Cowan, Samuel, J.P., Life of the Princess Margaret Queen of Scotland 1070 - 1093,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Newcastle-on-Tyne, Mawson Swan and Morgan Limited, 1911) Dart, J., Westmonasterium or the Histories and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of St.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peters, Westminister. 2 vols, (London, 1723), iii, Chap. 1, p. 12, quoted in Michael   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baigent and Richard Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge (New York: Arcade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publishing, Inc, 1989) Declaration By the Clergy of Scotland, in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328, ed. and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  trans. by E. L. G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1965) The Declaration of Arbroath, in Scottish Historical Documents, Gordon Donaldson,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ed.,(Edinburgh & London: Scottish Academic Press, 1974) Edward I, Judgement Upon the Petitions, in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328, ed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and trans. by E. L. G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1965) Homage of the King of Scotland [1278], in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328, ed. and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  trans. by E. L. G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1965) Knappen, M. M. , Constitutional and Legal History of England (New York: Harcourt,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brace, and Company, 1942)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Letter of King John of Scotland, in Anglo - Scottish Relations 1174 - 1328, ed. and trans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  by E. L. G. Stones, (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

E.M. Forster makes a bold statement when he declares that he would rather betray his country than betray his friend. Forster takes a very moral stand on the issue and states that a friendship is often more important than a government's actions or society's beliefs. His opinion regarding the value of friendship is a common theme shared by many authors throughout history, including Mark Twain, and Alexandre Dumas.Mark Twain's classic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, describes a young boy torn between what he feels his country and society expect of him and what his heart tells him is right. Society believes that slaves should be treated as property; Huck, who had befriended a runaway slave, sees Jim as a person, not property. In the end, Huck Finn decides that he would rather disobey society's teachings about slavery, than betray his friend by returning him to his previous condition of servitude.Further reiterating Forster's conception of the proper order of one's loyalty is a product of English folklore, Robin Hood. According to legend, Robin Hood robbed from the rich and gave to the poor in an effort to bring happiness to the peasants of Nottingham in an otherwise dreary time under the tyrannical rule of Prince John. A childhood friend of Robin, Maid Marion places her friendship with Robin Hood above loyalty to the crown. She has numerous opportunities to betray Robin Hood, but she does not. She sees the good he is doing for the land and the lone resistance he and his band of Merry Men provide against the evil Sheriff. Had she been loyal to her country, Robin Hood would have never been successful against the Sheriff of Nottingham and the citizens of her kingdom would have had to endure even greater injustices. Sharing many of the same principles Robin Hood embodies is Alexandre Dumas's The Three Musketeers. The famous trio of noblemen battle against the villainy of the Court of King Louis XIII. D'Artagnan, Athos, Porthos and Aramis fight to preserve the honor of their Queen, Anne of Austria, against the Cardinal Richelieu. Their famous motto " All for one and one for all!" illustrates the value they place on their friendship.

The Basseri of Iran: the Tent People

The Basseri are pastoral nomads that live in Iran and migrate along steppes and mountains throughout the year. The groups they live in are typically divided by independent households referred to as tents. They have a very deliberate political structure and are well organized. Their leaders have to lead somewhat for the people because if the common Basseri do not agree or believe in the chief then they will take their herd to an alternative chief. The Basseri of Iran are a very traditional and focused community, the following pages should give you a small glimpse into their daily lives, their beliefs values and culture. The Basseri culture is made up of individual households which are referred to as tents. Each tent has independent ownership of the property in the tent unit and the livestock. The man is the head of his own tent. For ease they will combine multiple tents and herds the animals together. The Basseri break camp and move completely every three to four days. This is not uncommon to them, it’s their way of life. The women and children typically break down camp and move to the new location and set camp back up while the men herd the animals. Headmen are leaders of a camp that are recognized by the Basseri chief. There can also be what is called a White Beard, which is an informal leader that represents the camp if there is not a Headmen in the camp. These leaders represent each camp in political and administrative ways. Headmen can communicate much more freely with the Basseri chief than a common tribe member. The chief does not give them authority though. (Johnson, 1996) The Basseri chief is over a large centralized political system. He has extreme authority over all the members of the Basseri tribe. The chief is often own as the Khan. The Khan can give orders to anyone in the tribe and they must obey. This is called the omnipotent Khan. The chief status is shown by his urban villas or larger tents. All the members of the tribe acknowledge his authority and treat his immediate family almost as royalty as well. The Basseri faith is Shia Muslims. However, they do not follow the customs and rituals as the other Islamic followers. Their customers and rituals are based more on the life cycles and not religion. They do rituals and celebrate births, death, coming of age, etc. The fast of Ramadan and the feast of Moharram, which are of central importance to the surrounding Muslims, are observed only by a few Basseri. (Johnson, 1996)

Brassica rapa plants Essay

Abstract In this experiment, intraspecific competition was tested which is when members of the same species compete for a same resource. The experiment tested was to see if intraspecific competition using differing densities affected the growth rate of Brassica rapa plants. Brassica rapa are a type of mustard plant also considered the â€Å"fast plants† because they grow within a 6-12 week period. They were used for this experiment due to their fast and easy growing process. Past experiments were observed beforehand and according to those, one density would further the survival rate more than the other. The Brassica rapa seeds were planted and observed over time to study the growth rates between a high and low density. The lower density was expected to have the higher survival and growth rate before starting the experiment. The findings in this particular experiment came out to show extremely similar results to previously tested experiments. While the height did not differ between high and low densities, the survival rate and number of flowers produced was significantly different. Introduction Competition plays a huge role in life’s organisms, especially when it comes to plants. A more specific type is intraspecific competition, in which members of the same species compete for the same resource, which is what this experiment involves. Intraspecific competition is important because when plants of the same group are competing for the same resources in the same living place survival rate can decrease greatly, their need for the immediate resource may run out due to other competing members (Aspbury et al., 2013). The purpose for compiling this experiment was to determine if this intraspecific competition affected the growth and development of the Brassica rapa plant at differing high and low densities. The Brassica rapa was used because it can be easily tested, and completes their life cycle within six weeks after planting (Aspbury et al,. 2013). Predictions could be made based off past experiments that used Brassica rapa as well. According to these similar experiments one would conclude that the high density seeds produce less plants, however seem to produce a greater biomass (total mass of once living material) amount. Whereas low density would do just the  opposite and produce a lower biomass level going on to produce a larger number of flowers, increase in height, and so essentially obtaining a greater survival rate than that of the higher density. The hypothesis states that the low density would essentially have a higher growth and survival rate than that of the high density. Of course all these experiments differ in terms of density variability, but all testing the same issue of high vs. low density on Brassica rapa. Methods The experiment was conducted by first obtaining Brassica rapa seeds (using the Brassica rapa plant because it grows within a 6-12 week period, AKA: the â€Å"fast plant†). Two treatments were then carefully put together, one pot consisting of low density seeds while the other contained high density seeds. Two low density seeds, and ten high density seeds were then planted. After planting the differing seeds in separate pots the pot was then filled about halfway with Miraclegro potting soil. After that six fertilizer balls were added to each and watered it just enough to dampen and pack in the soil. We then fill the rest of the pot up with soil and water it again. After the soil is dampened and the pot is completely filled, small holes were poked for all the seeds making sure they are spaced out evenly. Then made sure all the seeds were covered in the soil and watered them once again. The pots were labeled by which one has high density and which has low, so that we were able to observe the growing rate and survival for each, recording them in a data table. We then place the labeled pots on a thin layer of gravel in a plastic box making sure there is enough water filling the box. We kept them under a warm light making sure they were no closer than 6-8 centimeters from the light. This helps them grow in what would be considered normal growing conditions for a plant. Using a chi – square test which involves the comparison of frequency distributions, the results were then analyzed. Each week we observed and recorded the results for height, number of pods (flowers), and density. Results Mean Proportion Surviving: From our analysis after three weeks, our results indicated there was a significant difference in proportion surviving between the low-density and  high-density treatments (unpaired t test: t: 4.908, DF=499.451, P= .0001). Plants in the low-density treatment had significantly higher proportion surviving than those in the high-density treatment (Figure 1: mean +/- s.e. proportion surviving: low-density= .837+/- .017; high-density= .721+/- 0166). Mean Flowers Per Plant: From our analysis after four weeks, it was found that there was a significant difference in the average amount of flowers per plant between the low and high-density treatments (unpaired t-test: t= 3.748, DF= 353.359, P= .0001). Plants in the low-density treatment had significantly more flowers per plant than those in the high-density treatment (Figure 2: mean+/- s.e. mean plant height: low-density= 2.427+/- .219; high-density= 1.507+/- .109). Meant Plant Height: From our analysis after six weeks, our results indicated there was not a significant difference in mean plant height between the low and high-density treatments (unpaired t test: t= .020, DF= 410.77, P= .984). Plants in the low-density treatment had nearly the exact same mean plant height than those of the high-density treatment (Figure 3: mean+/- s.e. mean plant height: low-density= 13.372+/- .337 ; high-density= 13.385+/- .543). Discussion The lower density was expected to produce more surviving plants and according to the recorded results it did, as well as produced more numbers of flowers. These results support the hypothesis that states the plants under low density conditions would survive better over plants under high density conditions. This basically means that Brassica rapa plants survive better under lower density conditions. On the other hand, the height stayed relatively the same for both high and low density trials, therefore the null hypothesis was partially accepted. (Miller, 1995). While the height did stay the same for our plants alone an unusual finding was discovered. In comparison to the other classes that did this same experiment, height levels differed in that the Wednesday 2-5 pm class had an overall much lower measured height. This could be due to a number of things such as different amounts of light received, or even not being watered as frequently as the  other classes. Other outside studies, which dealt with intraspecific competition, show that it highly affects plant size as well as number of leaves (Shahid et al., 2009). Number of leaves in this case, could correspond with number of flowers on the Brassica rapa plant. The findings in the experiment prove how much the plants were essentially affected. Literature Cited Aspbury, A.S., Gabor, C.R. 2013. Laboratory Exercises for Organismal Biology. 15-19 Miller, T.E. 1995. Evolution of Brassica rapa Populations in Interspecific and Intraspecific Competition, Evolution. 49. 1125-1133. Shahid, S.S., Waqar, A., et al. 2009. Intraspecific Competition and Aggregation in a Population of Solanum Forskalii Dunal in a Semiarid Habitat: Impact on Reproductive Output, Growth and Phenolic Contents, Pak. J. Bot. 41. 2751-2763. Figures and Legends Figure 1: proportion surviving in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after three weeks. Figure 2: Mean Flowers per plant in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after four weeks. Figure 3: Mean plant height in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after six weeks.

A Faithful Servant: the Ambition and Power of Thomas Wolsey

During the beginning of Henry VIII reign, the young and inexperienced new king was content with letting his father’s advisers continue to govern the realm from the security of the council. As Henry wasn’t interested in the responsibilities, namely regarding the political aspects and hard work that went into being the king, he let most of the trials and tribulations fall upon these selected councilmen, until one minister came to dominate over the rest. The Archbishop of York, Thomas, Cardinal Wolsey (1473-1530) seemed to take over when the members of Henry’s council began to retire or die off.This rise to power that the cardinal was experiencing, as well as his new found friendship with the king eventually lead to his very dramatic fall from grace due to the actions regarding the King’s Great Matter not suiting his position with the church. The Great Cardinal came from very humble beginnings in comparison to some of his counterparts. A son of a butcher and cattle dealer from Ipswich Suffolk, Wolsey secured a spot at Oxford on a poor boy’s scholarship. It was there that the young Wolsey decided to devote his life to God and joined the church.Due to his striking intelligence and organizational skills, Thomas moved up in ranks of the church rather quickly, starting as a chaplain with the archbishop of Canterbury, and then beginning the reign as royal almoner to King Henry VII. This newfound position gave Wolsey a seat on the Privy Council, which gave him an opportunity to show his driving ambition for power and his industrious nature to the king. When Henry VII succeeded his father in 1509, Wolsey continued his life at court and quickly outgrew his position as royal almoner.After very successful military campaigns in France, which garnered Henry the glory of defeating a powerful opponent as well as French land lead 1512-1514, the faithful servant was rewarded with leading these successful escapades with the title of Archbishop of York in 1514, as a way of Henry showing his gratitude and during the following year he was awarded with the prestigious cardinal’s hat by the pope. The gratitude’s that Henry bestowed upon Wolsey were numerous, which in turn made him one of the most hated men to hold any sort of high office in England.This hatred of Wolsey sprung from the fact that Wolsey, being a churchman was supposed to lead a relatively simple lifestyle. This however was not the case and Wolsey was quickly given the title of a notorious pluralist, which is that, he usually held more than one ecclesiastical position at once. Due to his friendship with the king, Wolsey was awarded the title of dean of Lincoln in 1509, then bishop of Lincoln in 1514, which coincided with his rise to archbishop of York. As was previously stated, Wolsey was given the title of Cardinal in 1515, and then in 1518 he was also granted the titles of abbot of St.Albans and bishop of Bath. Wolsey’s good fortunes continue d still when, in 1524, he exchanged the title of bishop of Bath for the wealthier see of Durham; and then finally gave up Durham for bishop of Winchester. Wolsey held many of these positions while maintaining his status of Archbishop of York, this favoritism that was being clearly showed by the king towards Wolsey made him many enemies. Holding many of these titles, show many historians the ambition that Wolsey had with his king, however he also had much ambition regarding his church standings.From 1518 onwards, Wolsey held the position of the pope’s personal representative, or legate, in the realm of England. However, it should be noted that the legate to the pope had an even higher ambition in that Wolsey wanted to be pope himself. During 1519 Despite having numerous enemies within Henry’s court, Wolsey retained the confidence and good graces of the king, until Henry decided to solicit an annulment to his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, so that he could marry the am bitious Anne Boleyn.To achieve the divorce, Henry looked to Wolsey once again, expecting the Great Cardinal to use his pull on Rome as well as with those powerful in England to gain the outcome that Henry expected. Bibliography Primary Sources â€Å"Act in Restraint of Appeals (24 Hen. VIII, c 12, 1533). † In Sources and Debates in English History, 1485-1714. Eds. Newton Key and Robert Bucholz. 2d. ed. Chichester: Riley-Blackwell, 2009. P. 41. â€Å"Articles against Cardinal Wolsey, signed by the Lords (December 1, 1529). † In Sources and Debates in English History, 1485-1714. Pp. 39-40 Cardinal Wolsey’s Report to Henry VIII on Proceedings in Star Chamber (ca. 1518). † In Sources and Debates in English History, 1485-1714. Pp. 37. â€Å"John Skelton, â€Å"Why Come Ye Not to Court? † (written 1522, pub. 1568). † In Sources and Debates in English History, 1485-1714. Pp. 38-39 â€Å"Venetian Ambassador Sebastian Giustiniani’s Report on C ardinal Wolsey (September 10, 1519). † In Sources and Debates in English History, 1485-1714. Pp. 37-38 Secondary Sources Bulcholz, Robert, and Newton Key. Early Modern England, 1485-1714. 2d ed. Chicester: Wiley- Blackwell, 2009.

Many advertisements use fallacies to boost their effectiveness and impact on readers and the audience

To a larger extent, advertisements use fallacies such as gift pitches, shills and testimonials. However, to a smaller extent, advertisements use other forms of psychological mechanisms that do not involve fallacies, such as persuasion psychology. Gift pitches are used to attract customers with the prospect of receiving an additional free gift, making them feel that they are gaining from the purchase. For example, a Baygon advertisement claims that customers can win a hundred times of what they spend on Baygon, making readers feel that they gain rather than spend by buying this brand. It also encourages customers to start â€Å"winning† instead of â€Å"buying†, adding to the psychological effect that they are gaining from this promotion. However, the seller or manufacturer may not be in actual fact giving a free gift. He may have simply increased the selling price so that his profits can cover the cost of the â€Å"gift†. However, gift pitches are very attractive as they mislead customers into thinking that they are getting something for nothing. Shills are used to assure a customer that the product is worth buying, since another customer has given feedback that he approves of it. For example, a tuition advertisement by BrainFit Studio states that a customer is satisfied with its services, and its effects include reducing the time to learn a subject from three days to two hours. The statement is written by a parent to satisfy other parents who want to send their children for the course. However, the â€Å"customer† may be a false customer, who has been paid to pose for the advertisement. Alternatively, the statement may be conjured up by the advertiser. Testimonials are used to convince potential buyers by making fallacious appeals to authorities. Authorities can include celebrities who endorse the product, or scientific authority. For example, an advertisement by BEST selling laptops claim that a notebook or a tablet uses less than half the amount of electricity used by a desktop computer. This will lead potential buyers to believe that their product is more efficient that a computer, and thus buy it. However, the statement may not be scientifically accurate. Still, customers may accept it without any suspicions and buy the product. However, not all advertisements use fallacies. They may use other forms of psychological mechanisms. Telemarketers contact customers to demonstrate a product's effectiveness, hence persuading a customer to buy the product. However, the customer is able to judge for himself the effectiveness of a product and is not misled in any way. Hence, to a larger extent, advertisements use fallacies to advertise products. However, not all advertisements mislead customers to sell their products. In such cases, customers can judge for themselves the effectiveness of the product, making a well-informed decision.

Creative writing assignment that use historical facts about Nevada 750

Creative writing that use historical facts about Nevada 750 words in RTF format - Assignment Example They were under the command of a young soldier John Fremont. He and his guide Kit Carson would later become famous in the history books. Well I showed them how to catch the long ear white rabbits, a delicious food. And besides the great buffalo which the soldiers had heard of, they were delighted by the pronghorn, a kind of horned deer special in the Nevada area, with tasty meat. That Kit Carson was a good scout, he had a nose for the mountains and the game. Both he and Fremont were good shots. I later found out the soldiers were there to explore that part of the west. I introduced them to the Paiute Indian Chief Paulina and then later the Washoe Indians further West. Fremont was a strong leader, he had direction. But it was getting late in summer and Carson wanted Fremont to cross the Western mountains to reach Sutter Fort in California. I brought Chief Naza, he was a Washoe Indian and I had done lots of trapping for beaver and rabbit with some of his men. Chief Naza warned Fremont winter was coming and food or game would be gone. But this man Fremont was a head strong man. He had heard a rumor of a beautiful large lake off at a distance down in front of the Sierra Nevada mountains. He said he had a desire to see that lake while making it to Fort Sutter. I didn't tell him I had crossed the mountains with the Washoe and had actually swam in that lake (Lake Tahoe).

Human Resource Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resource Management - Term Paper Example Many employees are unable to balance their personal life with their work and this mix up is often the leading cause of stress amongst the employees. This also contributes to reduced performance as an employee fails to concentrate in the workplace as a result of the interference with the personal life. If the company is able to provide an environment where employees are able to balance these two different but yet demanding aspects of themselves and blend them to work in unison almost perfectly, then the employees will concentrate more in their work and increase their performance. They will also be in a better position and state of mind to deal with their personal lives and any crisis they may be undergoing without it interfering with their work. Resilience training is where the employees are presented with many different challenges in their workplace in a form of training and are taught how to handle all these challenges without them breaking their work spirit or enthusiasm and without having to show it to their customers as it might affect the feedback. The training is meant to make them much more focused in their work despite what is happening in the surrounding. It will enable them improve their decision making ability in order to enable them make the best decisions at all times. The resilience training is also meant to improve their clarity of problems, crises and challenges in the workplace as well as be more creative and especially when pressed with other matters. Work is done in the same way all the time creates monotony and minimizes or completely kills motivation of the employees in the workplace affecting negatively their performance and productivity of the organization. When the employer creates different opportunities which will make the workplace much more interesting hence reducing the monotony, the employees start valuing and enjoying their work. When employees feel valued and enjoy

President Bush's Crime Control Agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

President Bush's Crime Control Agenda - Essay Example In the Des Moines IA GOP Debate in 1999, George Bush states his position on gun control: "I'm in favor of keeping guns out of the hands of people who shouldn't have them like felons & juveniles. I'm for enforcing the laws on the books.... We need to send a signal to people, don't be illegally selling guns and don't be illegally using guns. The best accountability for somebody who breaks the law with a gun is called jail, certain jail" (Who is George Bush 2007). In this statement it becomes notable that even though the president supports gun ownership, he sets specific rules and restrictions on how firearms should be handled. The gun control of Bush allows gun to be primarily used solely for hunting and self-protection. Believing in the right of a citizen and his family to be protected against threats of crimes, he stresses that "law-abiding citizens ought to be able to own a gun" (St. Louis Debate 2000) yet "we ought to get guns out of the hands of people who shouldn't have them" (St. Louis Debate 2000). Rigorous background checks are put in place in order to ascertain whether a person is allowed to own a gun. However, if gun laws are broken, people are held accountable for the consequences.

Eastman Kodak - Comprehensive Strategic Plan Memo Essay

Eastman Kodak - Comprehensive Strategic Plan Memo - Essay Example Key insights from the organizational and industry analysis report The industry analysis revealed that the imaging industry is a swiftly developing industry which requires the organizations operating in the industry to be highly innovative and adaptive. The rapid development of digital technology brought about a far-reaching change in this industry, and Eastman Kodak could not adapt to it as fast as many of its competitors. Thus, Eastman Kodak lost its foremost position in the photographic equipment and supplies market. The company had to compete with established players who innovated faster than it and build a strong foot hold in the industry in addition to encountering substitute producing companies like HP, Xerox, and Canon etc. The key matter that Kodak had to face in building its position in the digital imaging sector was that though it held the top position in terms of the conventional photography business associated with photo films, its position in context of digital imaging was very weak in comparison to its established competitors (Blackwell Publishing, 2012). The key assets of Eastman Kodak that could be its source of competitive edge over its rival companies are its brand equity and awareness in addition to its internationally wide-reaching distribution presence. Moreover, in context of technology, Kodak had made years of investments in research and development activities, which had resulted in the establishment of proprietary technologies. This research and development experience of the company can be regarded as one of its biggest strengths (Kodak, 2009; Grant, n.d.). Eastman Kodak will have to assemble its substantial set of resources and competencies in addition to building new organizational competencies necessary for thriving in this fast pace industry. This is essential to develop and reinforce Eastman Kodak’s position in the digital imaging industry. Analysis of Eastman Kodak's approach to creating a competitive advantage Eastman Kodak attempted to set up its competitive advantage by leveraging on its core strengths as an organization and industrial leader over the years. The conjugation of the company’s renowned brand name, its huge investment in research and development activities over the years, and its global network of manufacturing and distribution, was vital for the creation of Eastman Kodak’s competitive position (Kodak, 2012a). The company had diverged its focus from its original product photographic films and started concentrating on its digital

GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GDP - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  demographic studies have also shown that quality of life is judged more accurately by average life expectancy, ratio of hospitals to population, ratio of doctors available per patient, age distribution, income distribution, average household and gender ratios. These factors play an important role in any economy because earning money is not the only objective, the money earned should be translated into something which really has meaning and/or which could bring happiness to individuals for instance if the money earned could not be translated into good medical health care services then it is of no use to the individual, money earned should have the potential to be translated into goods and services of the highest quality.  According to the report findings  GDP is a widely used tool when assessing the economic health of any country because it is a true representation of the country when it comes to economic activity that is being carried out and how w ell the economy is doing but it is not a true representation of the welfare of the general masses or level of satisfaction that the entire population has, this is so because human nature needs have to be satisfied through goods and services and not through earning money only.  Human needs can only be met in a satisfactory way if the quality of the goods and services provided is extremely high, in third world countries such as India and Pakistan, the problem is that people do have the money but the quality of life is very low due to problems that the economy is facing.

Mitosis and Meiosis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mitosis and Meiosis - Assignment Example There are 3 aspects that are critical for the survival of all organisms and they are growth, repair and reproduction. Division of cells is very important for these events. Division of cells happens through 2 different types of processes, the mitosis and meiosis which constitute different phases of cell cycle (Sadava, 2013). As and when needed, different hormones in the body of the organism send signals to the cells for preparation for division. There are mainly 2 parts in the process of division. The first phase is the interphase during which there is growth and preparation. This is followed by cell division which includes cytokinesis and mitosis. Interphase constitutes 90 percent of the cell cycle. During mitosis, the nucleus of the cell is replicated and divided into 2 nuclei that are similar and have identical genetic material. This type of cell division is mainly for growth of cells, repair and asexual reproduction. The end result of mitosis is somatic cells, each of which will have diploid number of chromosomes (Sadava, 2013). There are basically four stages in mitosis. The first stage is known as prophase. Sister chromatids in the cell condense and become visible. The envelope of the nucleus breaks to expose the chromosomes. Formation of spindle fibers begins extending from the centrioles. The spindle fibers are made up of microtubules and they are attached to the centromere of sister chromatids. The centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cells slowly. The next phase is the metaphase. There chromosomes form a line along the equatorial plate which is in the center of the cell. From here, the chromosomes are moved with the help of centrioles and spindle fibers. The third phase is the anaphase. The centromeres are pulled apart and the sister chromatids separate. This is done by spindle fibers. The daughter chromosomes are also pulled to opposite poles. Thus each daughter cell will have identical set of chromosomes similar to the parent cell. In the telophase, new nuclei begin to form in each cell aroun d chromosomes. The chromosomes also unravel into their loose form and spindle fibers disassemble. Cytokinesis starts and new cells are towed (Sadava, 2013). In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell divides into two parts, each one having a new nucleus. Thus, the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. Meiosis is another type of cell division which occurs in reproductive cells or germ cells only. It involves two fissions of the nucleus and gives rise to four sex cells or gametes (Sadava, 2013). Each of the cells has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Meiosis occurs in 2 stages, meiosis -1 and meiosis-2. In meiosis-1, the pairs separate and in meiosis-2 sister chromatids separate as in mitosis. There are four steps in meiosis-1. The interphase is similar to mitosis during which the DNA replicates and forms sister chromatids connected at the centromere. However, homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up. In prophase-1, the chromosomes thicken and the homologous pairs of chromosomes tangle together and move towards the equatorial plate. Thus, 4 sister chromatids move together and this is known as tetrad. Nuclear envelop disappears and spinal fibers start forming. Crossing-over also occurs in this phase. Swapping of parts of chromosomes also occurs due to tangling. This leads to genetic variation between individuals. In metaphase-1, homologous pair line up along the equatorial plate. In anaphase-1, separation of homologous pairs occurs due to pulling of spindle fibers from the centromere. Now, each chromosome has 2 sister chromatids. In telophase-1, cytokinesis occurs with or without formation of nuclear membrane and this leads to new cells with haploid set of chromosomes in each and resembles sister chromatids (Sadava, 2013). In meiosis-2 that occurs after cytokinesis and telophase-1, division of cells occurs, but

Organizational Intelligence Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Intelligence Policy - Essay Example To remain competitive and afloat in such a business environment, computer and information technology organizations must embark on the search for revolutionary and forward-looking techniques not only for creating but also for collecting, storing, capturing, organizing, managing, and distributing data/knowledge through its structure. Importantly, these techniques should allow for the easy and effective retrieval of needed information at the convenient moments (Ali et al., 2007). Organizations must however appreciate the level and nature of skills and competence required to develop and apply such knowledge and data management practices and techniques. Besides the need for IT and computer system executives, managers, systems analysts to be skilled and possess the competitive edge to perform the above functions and realize their data-related objectives, it is important that effective and elaborate Intelligence Organization policies are developed to ensure processes related to data collect ion, database systems’ security measures, data storage, diverse knowledge availability, information update, data-based decision-making processes, and data management training are not only relevant but also effective and support the attainment of organizational and personal growth among employees (Ali et al., 2007). ... Organizational intelligence Policy Organizational Intelligence refers to the capacity and the ability of an organization to utilize various methodologies, concepts, techniques, and tools to achieve information or knowledge-related functions and processes, including data collection, database systems’ security measures, data storage, diverse knowledge availability, information update, data-based decision-making processes, and data management training (James, 1999). A sound Organizational Intelligence policy should, of most importance, outline the purposes for which the OI has been developed. First, an Organizational Intelligence policy should ensure that an organization comprehends and makes productive conclusions from all the knowledge/information relevant to its operations and objectives (James, 1999). Second, an IO should outline an organization’s abilities to use knowledge, data/information to create sense out of complex business situations, prompting employees and ma nagers to act appropriately, maximizing on the opportunities presented by immediate or past circumstances. Third, an OI policy should be helpful in highlighting an organization’s ability not only to interpret but also to act on relevant circumstances, signals, or events in its environment. Fourth, an Organization Intelligence policy should promote the development, sharing, and usage of all information and knowledge relevant to an organization’s purposes by the promotion of learning by experiences and exposures. Gathering Competition Intelligence As the IT and computer industry develops, it becomes necessary that organizations develop an OI policy that would ensure the above functions are developed towards the building of a stronger, more relevant, and equally competitive Organizational