Collaborative scholarly journal and literature review Essay

Collaborative scholarly journal and literature review - Essay Example The inability to integrate other communication approaches such as social media services and broadcast services has not only undermined the movements’ activities but has as well reduced their ability of attaining their goals and objectives (HAPCO and Global HIV/AIDS 678). Lack of clear and realistic communication strategy is as well a major factor that had interfered with anti- HIV/AIDS movements’ ability to address HIV/AIDS predicament in higher learning institutions. Lack of the required commitment among university management, inadequate training as well as lack of the required support from students has also been associated with inefficiency of HIV/AIDS movements. Some scholars have on the other hand argued that, the incompetence of the existing anti- HIV/AIDS movement is as a result of the ignorance and lack of knowledge among university students and other involved players. Ignorance has as well been a major factor that has led to the increased cases of HIV/AIDS infec tions in higher learning institutions. ... The subsequent writing will therefore explore the significance and relevance of incorporating social media services, broadcast media as well as non-media outlets in the fight against HIV/AIDS in higher learning institutions. Current States of HIV/AIDS in Higher Learning Institutions As explained by (Reinard 67), an expert in HIV/AIDS training, higher learning institutions students is more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS pandemic. So far, the ever-increasing HIV/AIDS cases in modern higher learning institution have killed thousands of incredibly intelligent students. Although the prevalence level of HIV/AIDS is decreasing in some countries, the rate of new HIV/AIDS infections is increasing in some countries. Some scholars have argued that, the increase in the number of HIV/AIDS infections in less developed countries is due to high level of poverty as well as limited access to healthcare institutions. However, as indicated by (Reinard 73), the raise in HIV/AIDS prevalence level is as a result o f lack of efficient and appropriate communication channels between the existing anti- HIV/AIDS and students’ body. In addition, the challenge of lack of communication flexibility can as well be associated with increasing cases of HIV/AIDS infections in higher learning institutions. As stated by MeKeel, et al (89), cases of HIV/AIDS in modern society is particularly higher among young and active people in the society. Recent studies have as well asserted that, young people who are in higher learning institutions are as well vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infections compared to young people who are in other social and professional institutions. In his observation(Wooley 11) asserts that, people who are at higher risks of being infected with HIV/AIDS

Newtons Law Of Motion

Newtons Law Of Motion In this assignment, I will learn about the outcome two that is Newtons law and harmonic oscillation. Newtons law can be divide by three types that is 1st law, 2nd law and 3rd law. It is teach about the motion in our real life. Thus, harmonic oscillation can be divided by three types that are pendulum oscillation, damped oscillation and mechanic oscillation. All of these oscillation are useful in our life especial is use in different type of mechanics. Question One Research on the Newtons Laws of motion, and make a report that provide detail explanation and examples on Newtons 3 laws of motion. You report should include relevant and useful formula. Answer Newtons law of motion can be divided by three types that is 1st law, 2nd law and 3rd law and it is law of gravity. The three laws are simple and sensible. The first law states that a force must be applied to an object in order to change its velocity. When the objects velocity is changing that mean it is accelerating, which implies a relationship between force and acceleration. The second law, the acceration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object. Finally, the third laws, whenever we push on something, it pushes back with equal force in the opposite direction. Forces A force is commonly imagined as a push or a pull on some object, perhaps rapidly, as when we hit a tennis ball with a racket. (see figure 1.0). We can hit the ball at different speeds and direct it ionto different parts of the opponents;s court. This mean that we can control the magnitude of the applied force and alos its direction, so force is a vector quantity, just like velocity and acceleration. Figure 1.0: Tennis champion Rafael Nadal strikes the ball with his racket, applying a force and directing the ball into the open part of the court. Figure 1.1: Examples of forces applied to various objects. In each case, a force acts on the object surrounded by the dashed lines. Something in the environment external to the boxed area exerts the force. Newtons 1st law Newtons 1st law of motion states that if a body is at rest it will remain at the rest and if a body is moving in a straight line with uniform velocity will keep moving unless an external force is acted upon. For example, consider a book lying on a table. Obviously, the book remains at rest if left alone. Now imagine pushing the book with a horizontal force great enough to overcome the force of friction between the book and the table, setting the book in motion. Because the magnitude of the applied force exceeds the magnitude of the friction force, the book to a stop. Now imagine the book across a smooth floor. The book again comes to rest once the force is no longer applied, but not as quickly as before. Finally, if the book is moving on a horizontal frictionless surface, it continues to move in a straight line with constant velocity until it hits a wall or some other obstruction. However, an object moving on a frictionless surface, its not the nature of an object to stop, once set in motion, but rather to continues in its original state of motion. This approach was later formalized as Newtons first law of motion: An object moves with a velocity that is constant in magnitude and direction, unless acted on by a nonzero net force. For example: In the figure 1.2, the string is providing centripetal force to move the ball in a circle around 3600. If sudden the string was break, the ball will move off in a straight line and the motion in the absence of the constraining force. This example is not have other net forces are acting, such as horizontal motion on a frictionless surface. Figure 1.2 Inertia Inertia is the reluctance of an object to change its state of motion. This means if an object is at rest it will remain at rest or if its moving it will keep moving in a straight line with uniform velocity. Force is needed to overcome inertia. For example In figure 1.3, it is an experiment to prove the concept of inertia. In experiments using a pair of inclined planes facing each other, Galileo observed that a ball would up the opposite plane to the same height and roll down one plane. If smooth surface are used, the ball is roll up to the opposite plane and return to the original height. When it is starting to roll down the ball on the degree place, it is will return the ball at the same height from original point. Figure 1.3 If the opposite incline were elevated at nearly a 0 degree angle, then the ball will be roll in an effort to reach the original height that is show in the figure 1.4. Figure 1.4: If a ball stops when it attains its original height, then this ball would never stop. It would roll forever if friction were absent. Other example Figure 1.5: According to Newtons 1st law, a bicycles motion wasnt change until same force, such as braking makes it change. Newton 2nd law Newtons first law explains what happens to an object that has no net force acting on it. The object either remains at rest or continues moving in a straight line with constant speed. Newtons second law is the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object. Imagine pushing a block of ice across a frictionless horizontal surface. When you exert some horizontal force on the block, it moves with an acceleration of the 2m/s2. If you apply a force twice as large, the acceleration doubles to 4m/s2. Pushing three times as hard triples the acceleration, and so on. From such observations, we conclude that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it. Mass also affects acceleration. Suppose you stack identical block of ice on top of each other while pushing the stack with constant force. If the force applied to one block produces an acceleration of 2m/s2, then the acceleration drops to half that value, 1 m/s2, When 2 blocks are pushed, to one-third the initial value. When three block is pushed, and so on. We conclude that the acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass. These observations are summarized in Newtons second law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Units of Force and Mass The SI unit of force is the Newton. When 1 Newton of force acts on an object that has a mass of 1 kg, it produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in the object. From this definition and Newtons second law, we can see that the Newton can be expressed in terms of the fundamental units of mass, length and time. 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2 A force is a push or a pull. Hence a force can change the size, shape, and state of rest or motion, direction of motion and speed / velocity. The symbol for force is F and the S.I. unit is Newton (N). An object of mass m is subjected to a force F, its velocity changes from U to V in time t. The above condition can be stated as: F = Where a = is acceleration, thus F = ma. For example Figure 1.6: An airboat. An airboat with mass 3.50x102Kg, including passengers, has an engine that produces a net horizontal force of 7.70x102N, after accounting for forces of resistance (see figure 1.6). (a) Find the acceleration of the airboat. (b) Starting from rest, how long does it take the airboat to reach a speed of 12.0m/s2? (c) After reaching this speed, the pilot turns off the engine and drifts to a stops over distance of 50.0m. Find the resistance force, assuming its constant. Solution (a) Find the acceleration of the airboat. Apply Newtons second law and solve for the acceleration: Fnet = ma a = = = 2.20m/s2 (b) Find the time necessary to reach a speed of 12.0m/s. Apply the kinematics velocity equation: If t = 5.45s V = at + V0 = (2.20m/s2) (5.45) = 12.0m/s (c) Find the resistance force after the engine is turned off. Using kinematics, find the net acceleration due to resistance forces V2 = 2a Άx 0 (12.0m/s)2 = 2a(50.0m) = -12 / 100 = -0.12m/s2 Substitute the acceleration into Newtons second law, finding the resistance force: Fresistance= ma = (3.50 X 102kg) (-144m/s2) = -504N Impulse and Impulsive Force The force, which acts during a short moment during a collision, is called Impulsive Force. Impulse is defined as the change of momentum, so Impulse = MV MU, since F = , thus impulse can be written as: Impulsive force is Force = Impulse/Time. Unit is Newton (N). The applications of impulsive force In real life we tend to decrease the effect of the impulsive force by reducing the time taken during collision. Gravitational force or gravity Gravity exists due to the earths mass and it is acts towards the center of earth. Object falling under the influence of gravity will experience free fall. Assuming no other force acts upon it. Object experiencing free fall will fall with acceleration; gravity has an approximate value of 10m/s2. The gravitational force acting on any object on earth can be expressed as F=mg. This is also as weight. For example Find the gravitational force exerted by the sun on a 79.0kg man located on earth. The distance from the sun to the earth is about 1.50 X 1011 m, and the suns mass is 1.99 X 1030kg. Solution Fsun = G = (6.67 X 10-11 Kg-1m3s2) = 0.413N Newtons third law The action of one body acting upon another body tends to change the motion of the body acted upon. This action is called a force. Because a force has both magnitude and direction, it is a vector quantity, and the previous discussion on vector notation applies. Newtons third law is the amount of force which you inflict upon on others will have the same repelling force that act on you as well. Force is exerted on an object when it comes into contact with some other object. Consider the task of driving a nail into a block of wood, for example, as illustrated in the figure 1.7(a). To accelerate the nail and drive it into the block, the hammer must exert a net force on the nail. Newton is a single isolated force (such as the force exerted by the hammer on the nail) couldnt exist. Instead, forces in nature always exist in pairs. According to Newton, as the nail is driven into the block by the force exerted by the hammer, the hammer is slowed down and stopped by the force exerted by the nail. Newton described such paired forces with his third law: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. This law, which is illustrated in figure 1.7(b), state that a single isolated force cant exist. The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is sometimes called the action force, and the force F12 exerted by object 2 on object 1 is called the reaction force. In reality, either, either force can be labeled the action or reaction force. The action force is equal in magnitude to the reaction force and opposite in direction. In all cases, the action and reaction forces act on different objects. For example, the force acting on a freely falling projectile is the force exerted by earth on the projectile, Fg, and the magnitude of this force is its weight mg. The reaction to force Fg is the force exerted by the projectile on earth, Fg = -Fg. The reaction force Fg must accelerate the earth towards the projectile, just as the action force Fg accelerates the projectile towards the earth. Because the earth has such a large mass and its acceleration due to this reaction forces is negligibly small. Figure 1.7: Newtons third law. (a) The force exerted by the hammer on the nail is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted by the nail on the hammer. (b) The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1. Newtons third law constantly affects our activities in everyday life. Without it, no locomotion of any kind would be possible, whether on foot, on a bicycle, or in a motorized vehicle. When walking, we exert a frictional force against the ground. The reaction force of the ground against our foot propels us forward. In the same way, the tired on a bicycle exert a frictional force against the ground, and the reaction of the ground pushes the bicycle forward. This is called friction plays a large role in such reaction forces. Figure 1.8: In the figure 1.8, when a force pushes on an object, the object pushes back in the opposite direction. The force of the pushing back is called the reaction force. This law explains why we can move a rowboat in water. The water pushes back on the oar as much as the oar pushes on the water, which moves the boat. The law also explains why the pull of gravity doesnt make a chair crash through the floor; the floor pushes back enough to offset gravity. When you hit a baseball, the bat pushes on the ball, but the ball also on the bat. Figure 1.9 Question Two Research and illustrate the various characteristics of Damped Oscillations, your answer should also include graphical display of these characteristic. Answer In the real life, the vibrating motion can be taken place in ideal systems that are oscillating indefinitely under the action of a linear restoring force. In many realistic system, resistive forces, such as friction, are present and retard the motion of the system. Consequently, the mechanical energy of the system diminishes in time, and the motion is described as a damped oscillation. Thus, in all real mechanical systems, forces of friction retard the motion, so the systems dont oscillate indefinitely. The friction reduces the mechanical energy of the system as time passes, and the motion is said to be damped. In the figure 2.0, shock absorbers in automobiles are one practical application of damped motion. A shock absorber consists of a piston moving through a liquid such as oil. The upper part of the shock absorber is firmly attached to the body of the car. When the car travels over a bump in the road, holes in the piston allow it to move up and down in the fluid in a damped fashion. (b) Figure 2.0: (a) A shock absorber consists of a piston oscillating in a chamber filled with oil. As the piston oscillates, the oil is squeezed through holes between the piston and the chamber, causing a damping of the pistons oscillations. (b) One type of automotive suspension system, in which a shock absorber is placed inside a coil spring at each wheel. Damped motion varies with the fluid used. For example, if the fluid has a relatively low viscosity, the vibrating motion is preserved but the amplitude of vibration decreases in time and the motion ultimately ceases. This process is known as under damped oscillation. The position vs. time curve for an object undergoing such as oscillation appears in active figure 2.1. In the figure 2.2 compares three types of damped motion, with curve (a) representing underdamped oscillation. If the fluid viscosity is increased, the object return rapidly to equilibrium after it is released and doesnt oscillate. In this case the system is said to be critically damped, and is shown as curve (b) in the figure 2.2. The piston return to the equilibrium position in the shortest time possible without once overshooting the equilibrium position. If the viscosity is greater still, the system is said to be overdamped. In this case the piston returns to equilibrium without ever passing through the equilibrium po int, but the time required to reach equilibrium is greater than in critical damping. As illustrated by curve (c) in figure 2.2. Active figure 2.1: A graph of displacement versus time for an under damped oscillator. Note the decrease in amplitude with time. Figure 2.2: Plots of displacement versus time for (a) an under damped oscillator, (b) a critically damped oscillator, and (c) an overdamped oscillator. Damped oscillation is proportional to the velocity of the object and acts in the direction opposite that of the objects velocity relative to the medium. This type of force is often observed when an object is oscillating slowly in air, for instance, because the resistive force can be expressed as R = -bv, where b is a constant related to the strength of the resistive force, and the restoring force exerted on the system is -kx, Newtons second law gives us = -kx bv = max -kx b = m ~(i) The solution of this differential equation requires mathematics that may not yet be familiar to you, so it will simply be started without proof. When the parameters of the system are such that b < so that the resistive force is small, the solution to equation is X = ( Ae-(b/2m)t) cos(wt + ) ~(ii) Where the angular frequency of the motion is = ~(iii) The object suspended from the spring experience both a force from the spring and a resistive force from the surrounding liquid. Active figure 2.1 shows the position as a function of time for such a damped oscillator. We see that when the resistive force is relatively small, the oscillatory character of the motion is preserved but the amplitude of vibration decreases in time and the motion ultimately creases, this system is known as an underdamped oscillator. The dashed blue lines in active figure 2.1, which form the envelope of the oscillatory curve, represent the exponential factor that appears in equation (ii). The exponential factor shows that the amplitude decays exponentially with time. It is convenient to express the angular frequency of vibration of a damped system (iii) in the form = Where = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡k/m represents the angular frequency of oscillation in the absence of a resistive force (the undamped oscillator). In other words, when b=o, the resistive force is zero and the system oscillates with angular frequency, called the natural frequency. As the magnitude of the resistive force increases, the oscillations dampen more rapidly. When b reaches a critical value bc,so that bc/2m = , the system does not oscillate and is said to be critically damped. In this case, it returns to equilibrium in an exponential manner with time, as in figure 2.2. Question Three: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is a dynamical system typified by the motion of a mass on a spring when it is subject to the linear elastic restoring force given by Hookes Law. The motion is sinusoidal in time and demonstrates a single resonant frequency. What is the relationship between the tension and weight in the system? What is Hookes law when applied to the system? Answer Oscillation of motion is has one set of equations can be used to describe and predict the movement of any object whose motion is simple harmonic. The motion of a vibrating object is simple harmonic if its acceleration is proportional to its displacement and its acceleration and displacement are in opposite direction. The second bullet point mean that are acceleration, and therefore the resultant force, always acts towards the equilibrium position, where the displacement is zero. Common examples of simple harmonic motion include the oscillations of a simple pendulum and those of a mass suspended vertically on a spring. The diagram shows the size of the acceleration of a simple pendulum and a mass on a spring when they are given a small displacement, x, from the equilibrium position. Figure 3.0 In the figure 3.0, the numerical value of the acceleration is equal to a constant multiplied by the displacement, showing that acceleration is proportional to displacement. Then, the negative value of the acceleration shows that it is in the opposite direction to the displacement, since acceleration and displacement are both vector quantities. Simple harmonic in a spring If you hang a mass from a spring, the mass will stretch the spring a certain amount and then come to rest. It is established when the pull of the spring upward on the mass is equal to the pull of the force of gravity downward on the mass. The system, spring and mass, is said to be in equilibrium when that condition is met. If the mass is up or down from the equilibrium position and release it, the spring will undergo simple harmonic motion caused by a force acting to restore the vibrating mass back to the equilibrium position. That force is called the restoring force and it is directly proportional to magnitude of the displacement and is directed opposite the displacement. The necessary condition for simple harmonic motion is that a restoring force exists that meets the conditions stated symbolically as Fr = -kx, where k is the constant of proportionality and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position. The minus sign, as usual, indicates that Fr has a direction opposite that of x. For example Figure 3.1 The crank rotates with angular velocity w. Then, the slide will slide between P1 and P. V2 = W2 (P2-X2) P = Amplitude or maximum point. V= Velocity of the slider. X = Distance from centre point due to velocity, v. W = Angular velocity of crank. = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬f f = = 1/T a = -w2x Simple pendulum A simple pendulum is just a heavy particle suspended from one end of an inextensible, weightless string whose other end in fixed in a rigid support, this point being referred to as the point of suspension of the pendulum. Obviously, it is simply impossible to obtain such an idealized simple pendulum. In actual practice, we take a small and heavy spherical bob tied to a long and fine silk thread, the other end of which passes through a split cork securely clamped in a suitable stand, the length (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å") of the pendulum being measured from the point of suspension to the centre of mass of the bob. In the figure 3.2, let S be the point of suspension of the pendulum and 0, the mean or equilibrium position of the bob. On taking the bob a little to one side and then gently releasing it, the pendulum starts oscillating about its mean position, as indicated by the dotted lines. At any given instant, let the displacement of the pendulum from its mean position SO into the position SA is ÃŽÂ ¸. Then, the weight mg of the bob, acting vertically downwards, exerts a torque or moment mg/sin ÃŽÂ ¸ about the point of suspension, tending to bring it back to its mean position, the negative sign of the torque indicating that it is oppositely directly to the displacement (ÃŽÂ ¸). Figure 3.2 If d2ÃŽÂ ¸/dt2 be the acceleration of the bob, towards 0, and I its M.I about the point of suspension (S), the moment of the force or the torque acting on the bobn is also equal to I.d2ÃŽÂ ¸/dt2. I = -mgà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å"sinÃŽÂ ¸ If ÃŽÂ ¸ is small, the amplitude of oscillation be small, we may neglect all other terms except the first and take sin ÃŽÂ ¸ = ÃŽÂ ¸. I = -mgà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å"ÃŽÂ ¸, Whence, = Since M.I of the bob about the point of suspension (S) is mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å"2. We have = = =  µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸, Where =  µ The acceleration of the bob is thus proportional to its angular displacement ÃŽÂ ¸ and is directed towards its mean position 0. The pendulum thus executes a simple harmonic motion and its time period is given by T = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ It being clearly understood that the amplitude of the pendulum is small. The displacement here being angular, instead of linear, it is obviously an example of an angular simple harmonic motion. Hookes law Vibration motion is an object attached to a spring. We assume the object moves on a frictionless horizontal surface. If the spring is stretched or compressed a small distance x from its equilibrium position and then released, it exerts a force on the object as shown in figure 3.3. From experiment the spring force is found to obey the equation F = -kx ~(iv) Where x is the displacement of the object from its equilibrium position (x=0) and k is a positive constant called the spring constant. This force law for springs is known as Hookes law. The value of k is a measure of the stiffness of the spring. Stiff springs have large K value, and soft springs have small K value. In the equation (iv), the negative sign mean that the force exerted by the spring is always directed opposite the displacement of the object. When the object is to the right of the equilibrium position, as in figure 3.3 (a), x is positive and F is negative. This means that force is the negative direction, to the left. When the object is to the left of equilibrium position, as in figure 3.3 (c), x is negative and F is positive, indicating that the direction the force is to the right. Of course, when x = 0, as in figure 3.3 (b), the spring is unstretched and F =0. Because the spring force always acts toward the equilibrium position, it is some time called a restoring force. A restoring force always pushes or pulls the object toward the equilibrium position. The process is then repeated, and the object continues to oscillate back and forth over the same path. This type of motion is called simple harmonic motion. Simple harmonic motion occurs when the net force along the direction of motion obeys Hookes law When the net force is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium point and is always directed toward the equilibrium point. Figure 3.3: The force exerted by a spring on an object varies with the displacement of the object from the equilibrium position, x=0. (a) When x is positive (the spring is stretched). (b) When x is zero (the spring is unstretched), the spring force is zero, (c) When x is negative (the spring is compressed), the spring force is to the right. Conclusion As my conclusion, Newtons law was a very useful in nowadays because it is can use the 3 type of law to prevent any accidents in now generation. Firsts law is states that a force must be applied to an object in order to change its velocity. Seconds law is acceration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass. Thirds law is whenever we push on something, it pushes back with equal force in the opposite direction. Second, harmonic oscillation is a type of forced and damped oscillation that is amplitude of a real swinging pendulum or oscillating spring decrease slowly with time until the oscillation stop altogether. This decay of amplitude as a function of time is called damping.

The Bath :: Creative Writing Essays

The Bath       Johnny woke up, shivered, put on his robe over his sweats, got back got back under the covers and went to sleep. Two hours later, the alarm by the TV woke up a still chilly Johnny Black.    Johnny turned on the shower and used the plug from the kitchen sink to fill the bathtub up. He got in, turned the water up till it was a little more than warm, then lay down under the hot, pounding stream from the shower head. The water always seemed to cool off by the time it hit the tub -- maybe because of the cool air in the room. Well, soon the room would warm up as it filled with the hot water vapor pouring out of the glass shower.    Johnny put his hands under his head and lay back all the way so the water filled his ears. Now he heard the shower hitting the water in the tub from underwater. Everything seemed a lot quieter now. Johnny felt tired and dizzy and glad to be motionless, resting, quiet. Everything felt perfect. The water landing was still a little warm, but the water filling the tub was the perfect temperature. Johnny couldn't think how he could be happier -- maybe if he didn't have to go to work in an hour, but right now that seemed a long way off.    Johnny closed his eyes and rested peacefully, slipping in and out of a half dream of floating through warm liquid clouds.    Suddenly, Johnny felt very cold. Something was wrong. He was no longer tired, but he couldn't tell why.   As he opened his eyes, he became aware of the fact that the temperature around him was much cooler than it had been a moment ago -- not cold, but not the perfect, dreamy bath he had gotten used to. As soon as he started to look around, his mind absorbed exactly what was wrong. It had been hours since he had closed his eyes. The bathtub had overflowed a long time ago and the bathroom floor was flooded! The carpets were soggy, and the room had a stuffy smell to it.    Somehow, Johnny felt in no hurry to do anything. It was clear that this had gone on so long that a few more minutes wouldn't hurt anything. John gazed up at the bathroom window, a skylight he had built himself years ago.There it stood, miles above his head. Johnny suspected it was about noon.   He could feel how pruned his hands   were, with wrinkles all over.   He could hear scratching on the

A Proposal to Abolish Grading

In every education system, grading and testing are done simultaneously so as teachers and lectures can know the capabilities of their students and whether they have assimilated what have been taught and used effectively.Most of universities and higher learning institutions as prerequisite of students admission is being tested before granted admission, the system help the universities assessing applicants’ capabilities in correspondence to their applications.The grading system which is conducted after certain amount of academic units covered of students respective courses or subjects, apart from assessing students’ capabilities, also assist them in studying especially for lazy students. When students know that there will be grading for the tests they are going to do, definitely they are going to study hard for it.I tend to differ with Paul Goodman in his proposal to abolish grading as the notion has been much effective for quite some time and has helped most of students scoring good grades even though they were lazy. But to Paul Goodman, who proposed the abolishment of grading take this as bullying students as he argues that â€Å"Many students are lazy, so teachers try to goad or threaten them by grading. In the long run this must do more harm than good.†(Paul Goodman, Mis-Education, 1971).Nevertheless, grading system assist in discovering people weaknesses being students or applicants to the higher learning. Through grading students can be able to spot their weaknesses in accordance with the type of grades they get either low or high. If low then students have an opportunity of knowing how to correct it so as to improve their grades, hence becoming knowledgeable.Despite the good intention the system has, there are setbacks that have been spotted by Paul Goodman as he argues that â€Å"But if the aim is to discover weakness, what is the point of down-grading and punishing it, and thereby inviting the student to conceal his weakness, by fak ing and bullying, if not cheating?†(Paul Goodman, Mis-Education, 1971).In conclusion, even though students might cheat during their assignments, yet they will be working hard in the tests and examinations which will help them study. Grading and testing system still assist students to learn more through the performance of their grades.Reference:Goodman Paul, ‘A proposal to abolish grading’, Mis-Education, (1971), Chapter 10, John Wiley New York   

Impact of ICT on an Adult in Employment, Including the Effect on Working Style Essay

Anything people have made could be called technology, but usually people think of advances in using scientific knowledge and applying it to a practical use, like creating photovoltaic cells or wind turbines. Technology interested in examples of a specific technology in use, such as the â€Å"internet† or â€Å"Decision Support Systems†. Technology can solve most of our problems and everything which we are using in our live for example: radio, television, computers, internet, mobile phone, and†¦ These are called technology. We use technology in different places too for example: at home, in offices, business, shops, or so on. Different people give Different people will give it different meaning depending on their viewpoint and context. The role and impacts of technology in both our personal and lives are ever growing. Technology is about taking action to meet a human need rather than merely understanding the workings of the natural world. We can define Technology like this: A body of knowledge used to create tools, develop skills, and extract or collect materials; the application of science (the combination of the scientific method and material) to meet an objective or solve a problems called Technology. Aim: In this study I am going to tell about the life of John: John is a engineer and he is 52 years old he has 22 years experience and he is a businessman and he use different technologies for his work and for his life he use the following technologies: – E – mail – Mobile Phone – Laptop Computer And also I am writing about the life of John which how does the technology affect on his life and how this technology change his life, because John said that 20 years ago I have not any Mobile Phone, e-mail address and Software, which I have now, and he said that since 5 years the technology has changed my life and I can not do my works without these technologies. E-mail – introduction: E-mail, short for electronic mail, is a system in which a computer user can exchange messages with other computer users using a communications network. To use e-mail, you must have access to a computer that is linked to the outside world, via a modem, phone line, or fiber optic cable (Ethernet). Sending e-mail is similar to sending postal mail, with some very important differences: 1. E-mail is thousands of times faster. A message can go from Illinois to Australia in seconds! 2. E-mail is free on campus-there is no â€Å"postage† cost to students. 3. E-mail is not as private as a regular letter. 4. E-mail does involve learning how to use computer programs. 5. Also, E-mail requires us to have a â€Å"sign-on† to the electronic mail system, and this usually involves having a password, too. 6. E-mail can be sent to many people at the same time, and you can participate in on-going discussions on many subjects at the same time. 7. E-mail can access information and file libraries, we’ll send a message and get a document or pictures back within minutes. 8. E-mail often contains typos and misspellings because it is so easy to produce and send. How/why he uses E-mail personally? John uses e-mail to send his report to the company that he is working for at the time and to send or receive photographs over the internet. Sending reports over the internet saves a lot of time and is an easier method of communicating than through the post. Before he got the internet he used the post to send the report to the company. He use the internet to inform his partners, and when he fine an offer he can send an e-mail to all of his colleague to inform those and some times he sent some maps of homes from his own e-mail to other colleague, and also he use e-mail to sent some photos and videos too, and he said: that I am not always use my e-mail to my own work I use my email for enjoying and sending messages for my Childs, wife, friends and to my families too. What is the advantages/disadvantage of e-mail? John said that E-mail Advertising, as effective as it is has both advantages and disadvantages. It is useful to be well aware of both sides of the coin as one embarks on the use of e-mail for their marketing and advertising, and he is also that the good news is that the advantages of e-mail advertising are numerous and far outweigh the few disadvantages. The advantages of e-mail which effect on his life these are in the following: 1. It’s faster. He received email almost immediately after it is send, usually within minutes. 2. It’s more conversational. Because of its immediacy, a whole series of e-mail messages maybe he exchanged within a very short time. As a result, email messages tend to be less formal and they are also usually shorter and more to the point. 3. Because e-mail is so new, he has no hard and fast rules about what may be said in a message. These rules are evolving because of his increased use of email, as well as the advent of new technology that continually affects how he applies it. And he also said that e-mail does not have just advantages it has disadvantages too, now I am writing about the disadvantages of e-mail which effect on John life: 1. As he has seen, one of the biggest disadvantages of email is the capability for misunderstanding. Email has some other disadvantages as well. It can be used to talk to more than one person at a time, but the means for doing so can be a bit cumbersome. At its core, email is a one to one communication medium. Email requires active participation, and he has to check his email to get messages. If he does not check his email, he will never know that somebody has contacted him. 2. Too much e-mail can lead to management problems with his in-box being overwhelmed by mail. 3. Due to its informal nature it is easy to his to ignore-unlike communication on the telephone or mail. Which things E-mail contain? * Inbox: An area in his mail memory that holds received messages that have not been read or processed. * Drafts: When he saved some documents in his e-mail address, the files and documents which he saved before he can find in Drafts. * Sent: The mails which he sent this sent item will tell him which files, letters, documents and images he sent. * Spam: Internet spam is one or more unsolicited messages, sent or posted as part of a larger collection of messages, all having substantially identical content. * Trash: rubbish and worthless material that is to be disposed of. * Contacts: All his friends, families, workers and someone else that John knows them he can save all his e-mail address in contact and then can see their emails easily and early when he wants. * Calendar: We all know about meaning of Calendar, calendar is a system of organizing days for a socially, religious, commercially, or administratively useful purpose. * Notepad: Some important sentences that John want to save them Notepad is the place that he can save them all their. If John didn’t have E-mail, how would it affect his job? John said: if I didn’t have e-mail address then I would lose my business, because I have lots of workers in my business I can see every one and telling all of them about their jobs, so the easiest way for me is that I am sending all of them and receiving the responses of them, and also by using my mail I can sent some maps and places and directions for my workers, and I am informing them, also I am using my mails to sent and receives from my family, and friends too. Mobile Phone – Introduction: A Mobile Phone (also known as a Cellular Telephone) is defined as a ‘portable electronic device for the purpose of telecommunications over long distances’. Most current mobile phones actually connect to a cellular network of base stations (the cell sites themselves) which overlap to yield coverage and which also link to the standard landline public switched telephone network. It should be noted that mobile phones are distinct from household cordless telephones which generally operate only within range of a dedicated base station (though the distinction is blurring with mobile phones that can link via Bluetooth to a home internet base station). It should be noted, however, that the term mobile phone can refer to any type of mobile telephony device and also includes satellite phones and radio phones. Most phones has camera which we can take photos, and record some videos too. How/why he uses Mobile Phone? John use mobile phones to be connect with his family, children, and wife and with his friends. And he uses his mobile phone in office and to his business to inform his workers and to be in touch with the peoples which he works. He also uses mobile phone to send videos, photos, messages for every body which he wants. He uses different things that his mobile contain and the following things his mobile phones contain: Messages, Contact, Alarm, Calendar, Fun box, Reminder, Call register, Tones, Profiles, Calculator. He uses Messages to send document and messages for his family, friend, wife and sons. He uses Alarm to wake up morning early for his job. And the calendar which his Mobile Phone contain he known that what date is today and which day is today. And his mobile phone has reminder to remind him sometimes which he forgot some works. And some times the times which he filling board he is going to Games which it mobile has and Playing some games, and his mobile phone has internet too that he can go too internet and see his mails and another things which we can do it on internet and he said that I am glad and I am filling too good cause I can solve my lots of problems with using the mobile phone. What are advantages/disadvantages of mobile phone when he use? Advantages of using mobile phone: 1. He can take it with him whom he didn’t miss important calls. 2. He doesn’t have telemarketers bugging him at dinner time. 3. If he has car trouble or an accident he can call for emergencies. 4. He can take the pictures of accident or any things else by his mobile phones. 5. If he is finding for somewhere he can call for directions. 6. If he goes to store and wants to buy something he can use his mobile phone for more details or for more information. 7. He can use his mobile phone to see his mails and some sides. 8. With integrated phones and their features, making his life much easier no matter what kind a profession or age a person is. 9. Mobile phone doesn’t have to call, he uses his mobile phone for the following things too: camera, music player, features, emailing, document editor and so on. Disadvantage of using mobile phone: 1. John said: I had an accident, because when I was derived I talked with my wife. 2. Most of time he missed lots of important calls when he forgot his mobile somewhere. 3. His mobile phone need charges for using it, therefore this is very boring and sad for John to charge it every day. 4. When John has some meeting often his mobile phone disturbs him during his works. How good is it at fulfilling his personal needs? John has got a new version of mobile phone called (Nokia N95), which is the most technically advanced smart phone ever! Complete with satellite navigation, a 5 mega pixel camera with auto focus, 3G video calling, with 8 GB chip, that his Nokia N95 contain. And the following things which his mobile phone includes they are most likely to fulfilling his personal needs. Some times John is recording with his phone everywhere and anything which he wants and can get images too. The Nokia N95 has almost everything else he could use them to fulfilling his needs: * Music Player with support for all common music formats. * A stereo FM radio. * Integrated hands free speaker. * Speaker independent voice dialing. * Talking ring tones. * HSDPA (the fast data transfer technology dubbed â€Å"3.5G†). How good is it at fulfilling his social needs? John use his mobile phone to be always in touch with his friends, workers, families, and businessmen and another ways to develop social and communication called text which he uses most of times. Texting is particularly important in maintaining contact with a wide social network – allows him to maintain social bonds even when he do not have the time, energy, inclination or budget for calls or visits. Texting re-creates the brief, frequent, spontaneous ‘connections’ with members of our social network that characterized the small communities of pre – industrial times. And also John hasn’t always thinks about himself but he is helping people too and sometimes he teach some students in universities too for helping and some people calling him to solve their problems, and this is the easiest way for him to talk with lots of people without meets them. One of the most dangerous of mobile phone is that when he is driving some times he picked up phone and it can cause accident which he did before. How does John use mobile phone at work? Often John uses his mobile phone to be in touch with his family, friends he is not using his mobile phone at office, but he has an office phone which is called handheld mobile phone. And handheld mobile phone is working same like mobile phone but it doesn’t need any chip just he connected his handheld mobile phone on socket which needs electricity and he has three of these. And this handheld mobile phone is cheaper than mobile phone when he called somewhere and John is saying that he made me too much busy therefore I can’t do my works clearly and with good mind. He is using his mobile phone at office too, because some times handheld mobile phone is busy, then he uses he mobile phone he wants, and this is the biggest advantages of mobile phone. John said: when I have bought mobile phone I filled too much comfortable, and my business also day by day increasing and I have got too much money. Laptop Computer – Introduction: I am writing a brief introduction about laptop computer and the kind of things which most of laptop computer (note books) contain: A laptop is a portable personal computer that is of a size that it can sit on our lap. Or we can define it like this: Laptop (or notebook PC) is a portable computer that can be battery or mains powered. They provide flexibility beyond the standard PC but often at a significant price premium. Laptop and desktop have big different and both of them are mixture words. Laptop means we sit it on our lap, and desktop means we sit it on desk. Laptop contains the following major features: * Keyboard: Keyboard layout is often sacrificed. The home, End, Page- Up and Page Down keys may not be dedicated, requiring that we hold down the Fn key at the same time. This can be very cumbersome if we use these keys a lot. Function keys and cursor keys are often made smaller, and one keyboard feels better than another. * Screen Resolution: Today, laptops use high-quality active matrix LCD screens. However, the built-in display system also feeds an external monitor for desktop use or a data projector. * External Display & keyboard Connectors: Connect a full-size CRT and keyboard for home/office. Even if we like our laptop keyboard, we may want to use an external one with our external monitor, so that both units are positioned comfortably. A full-size keyboard can be connected through the external keyboard port or USB port. * Built-in Pointing Device: Either a touchpad or pointing stick is built into the laptop. There are differences. A regular mouse is always an option and connects via the mouse port or USB port. * Expansion: Expansion is a little more critical with laptops than with desktops that have extra bus slots and drive bays. However, nowadays laptops all have PC Card (PCMCIA) slots and USB ports, making them very flexible. * Batteries: Lithium ion batteries do not suffer from the â€Å"memory- effect† of older nickel cadmium, and to a slightly lesser extent, nickel metal hydride. * Multimedia: All laptops today have built-in speakers and generally include an optical drive (CD-RW, DVD-ROM or DVD-RW). DVD drives typically support all CD read and write modes as well. A removable drive offers more flexibility for upgrading later. * Weight: Seven pounds does not sound like much until we lug it around all day. To reduce poundage. Sub notebooks use external floppy. CD and DVD drives. One of the first time laptop in 1983, Tandy’s Radio Shack division launched the Model 100 micro Executive Workstation. It weighed only four pounds and included a built-in word processor, name and address list and modem. The Model 100 was inspiration for the huge portable market that followed. Laptop computers generally cost more than desktop computers with the same capabilities because they are more difficult to design and manufacture. A laptop can effectively be turned into a desktop computer with a docking station, a hardware frame that supplies connections for peripheral input/output devices such as a printer or larger monitor. Laptop usually comes with displays that use thin-screen technology. The thin film transistor or active matrix screen is brighter and views better at different angles than the STN or dual-scan screen. Laptops use several different approaches for integrating a mouse into the keyboard, including the touch pad, the trackball, and the pointing stick. A serial port also allows a regular mouse is attached. The PC Card is insertable hardware for adding a modem or network interface card to a laptop. CD-ROM and digital versatile disc drives may be built-in or attachable. How/why he uses laptop computer personally? After all, today’s laptops have just as much computing power as desktops, without taking up as much space. He can take a laptop on the road with him to do his computing or make presentations. Perhaps he prefers comfortably working on his couch in front of the TV instead of sitting at a desk. A laptop is a full-blown, genuine computer that can do anything a desktop computer can do. John can do programming, word processing, spreadsheets, databases, accounting and multimedia presentations. The portability of laptops allows him to do many things that he cannot do with a desktop. He can write his sales proposal, article or business presentation while traveling on a plane or commuting on the bus or train or subway. What is Laptop computer’s memory? Laptops have memory, both RAM and ROM, just like desktops. The laptop’s ROM chip contains the BIOS just as it does in a desktop computer. RAM stores the application software and data files while the computer is on. RAM differs on a laptop in that it uses a different form facto – that is, the size and shape of the modules that carry the RAM. Manufacturers have to build laptops to be portable (smaller) and to withstand more jostling (durable) than a desktop would ever get, so the memory modules have to be different. While some laptops use a standard Small Outland Dual Inline Memory Module (SODIMM), others use the manufacturer’s proprietary memory modules. Most laptops should have at least 64 MB of RAM to have sufficient memory to run operating systems and applications software. Also, some laptops allow him to upgrade the memory of his computer and come equipped with convenient access panels to plug in additional memory chips. What is Laptop computer’s Disk Drives? Like desktop, laptops have various disk drive storage devices. All laptops have an internal hard disk drive, usually 6 to 20 gigabytes (GB). The hard disk drive stores operating systems, application programs and data files. Although the hard disk drive works the same in a laptop as it does in a desktop, laptops generally have less disk space than desktops and he will have fewer choices for hard disk drives in laptop. The smaller hard disk space is one of the chief limitations of laptops. What are the advantages of laptop when john uses? John think when one thinks of laptops there are a few immediate advantages that come to mind. From John readings and personal experience these revolve around some of the following points: * The flexibility and mobility of laptops increases access time. * They tend to be lightweight-thus mobile. * Can easily be moved around the classroom. * Give you the option of being wireless. * Being able to have them in class away from a lab setting – time management factor * Portable on field trips. * One can get instant access to information (wireless or internet connected laptops) * Access in class to multiple online resources, search engines, encyclopedias and discussion groups * Participate in virtual communities. * Ability to communicate and research at multiple levels. * Digital brainstorming, outlining and presentations can be generated within classroom walls. * Note taking, webbing which then can be shared immediately. * ; Data processing, analysis; incorporating online databases and spreadsheets. * Student with data processing can immediately check their results and develop immediate in class analysis. * It works 2 – 3 hours without any electricity. * It is small and has low density and can everybody bring whit themselves. * Greater ability to share, communicate and access students files or vice versa teacher assignments. * Ability to display and demonstrate leaning using a TV monitor or projector in office, or class accessing. * And our laptops have games too, which in bored time we can play their. What are the Disadvantages of laptop? * Laptops are more expensive * Slower than a desktop * Difficult to upgrade or repair * John has to lug it around all day * Much easier to drop or break * It can be easily stolen * If he speed his type the laptop will probably rock on his laptop with his typing which can become quite uncomfortable. How good is it at fulfilling his personal needs? John recommends that laptop users carry out prolonged task with their machine set up on a desk, with an external keyboard a mouse attached. This allows them to adopt a much safer posture, rather than the position a laptop forces them into. John said: having a laptop means that I can work just about anywhere, and he also said: â€Å"If I go away for the weekend, I can take my work with me, and even do some of it on the train.† He uses his laptop computer to see connect it with TV and see some movies, songs, BBC and so on. What is John opinion about laptop using? John said: The use of laptop or notebook computer is widespread and many people use them regularly as part of the work process. Where a laptop is used regularly by people as a significant part of their day-to- day work, then these regulations will apply. In many cases employers will use the â€Å"one-hour† rule i.e. if a laptop is used continually for one hour or more than the employee will be classified as a user. There are three main categories of risk associated with laptop use: 1. Equipment design 2. The environment that they are to be used in. 3. Physical demands upon the use.

Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essayEssay Writing Service

Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essayEssay Writing Service Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essay Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community College essayToday, the use of information technologies in the field of education becomes more and more popular. In such a situation, the question concerning the use of the effective and reliable software arises since educators and students have to share information effectively. At the same time, the information should be shared not only effectively but also safely. In such a situation, many educational institutions face considerable difficulties with selecting software that can meet their needs. In this regard, one of the major concerns of institutions is the integrity of data provided by software used by institutions. The data integrity means that information processed by software is essential for the institution. The information is processed properly and fast and all the information is relevant, available and easy to find, when needed. The data integrity implies that the information is balanced and may be available to users in th e understandable and easy for perception form. When such requirements are set, even IT professionals can face difficulties with choosing the optimal software. At this point, it is possible to refer to the empirical data based on the use of certain software in educational institutions. In this respect, it is possible to refer to the case of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software, the software, which has proved its efficiency but to draw the specific evidence, it is necessary to conduct the detailed analysis of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software and its application in the educational institution.The purpose of the project:The goal is to creatively and systematically implement a system software that will allow data to integrate from one system to another. This will create functionality across the organization.Essential Questions:What is the intent behind the implementation?What are the few important themes that need to be worked on to deliver the intent?How will the projects be led and resourced?Who will be responsible for each task?What is the review process?Projected Outcome Questions:Will this be a success for the academic school year 2014-2015 or how will success be measured?Thesis statementThe use of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software by the Institution can help to enhance consistently to process and communicate information and share data within the Institution with the database of the Institution being under the control of the Associate Director.Expanded thesis statementThe use of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software can open new opportunities for the Institution in terms of information processing and data integrity. In actuality, the Institution faces the problem of the information overload. In such a situation, the effective information processing and data integrity could resolve the problem of the information overload. Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software can help to resolve this problem, at least partially, since this software can bring in better information processing and enhance the information integrity within the Institution. The implementation of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software will be conducted under the control of the Associate Director.The current problem is that the data from the Admissions office and the Financial Aid office are not being communicated effectively. As the Associate Director, the responsibility will be to update the system software routinely and to integrate the data between the two systems. In addition, the Associate Director will serve as a liaison between Information Technology and Financial Aid department to ensure correct data implementation. The Associate Director will continue to provide technical training, advice, and support to all staff membersThe project timeline and implementation is determined by the specific needs of the Institution. In fact, the project will be accomplished within a month that involves the introduction of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software within the Institution and training of educators, students and other stakeholders how to use software, if such training is necessary. The beginning of the training should be immediate since, otherwise, the Institution faces the risk of information overload and failure to process the important financial information in time and properly. Such failure may leads to such problems, when students pay for their tuition, but the Institution does not receive the information that the transaction was complete. The accomplishment of the project will be in one month, when Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software should work in the Institution on the regular basis.Effectiveness of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar SoftwarePowerfaids software and Jenzabar Software and information processingPowerfaids software and Jenzabar Software help to process information fast.   The development of effective information processing software is an essential condition for the successful and effective per formance of the financial department of the institution because the growing complexity of financial transactions and operations of the Institution raises the problem of the information overload. The information overload, in its turn, raises the problem of the possible errors that may occur in the course of financial transactions as well as other problems related to financial operations conducted by the Institutions as well as students, who pay for their tuition, for example. In such a way, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software will help to process information effectively and minimize the risk of errors in the course of financial transactions and other operations conducted by the financial department of the Institution.Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software contribute to the more efficient information processing since this software increases the speed of the information processing, while the risk of errors decreases since all operations are conducted automatically and autonomo usly without or with minimal interference of users. At the same time, users will not have any problems while using Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software because this software has a user friendly interface and even inexperienced users can use Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software without any additional training. The faster information processing naturally improves the overall performance of the financial department of the Institution.Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software allow gathering all the information, filtering information and processing valid information only. In such a way, the information related to the financial performance of the Institution will be automated and processed by Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software. At this point, many researchers (Garvin Artemis, 2007) point out that modern organizations face the problem of the information overload, when they cannot distinguish useful information from the information that they do not need at all. The inform ation overload in case of finance is particularly dangerous because it may lead to financial losses of the Institution. This is why the introduction of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software can optimize the information processing in the Institution and lead to the data integration through the data analysis and systematization.Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software and information sharingPowerfaids software and Jenzabar Software offer excellent opportunities for information sharing making the process interactive and the entire system open for both students and educators. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that both students and educators are involved into financial relations directly or indirectly. In such a situation, the use of Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software is beneficial because this software is open and understandable, on the one hand, and this software is extremely difficult to use to hide some financial transactions or operations (Hackman Wageman , 1995). Therefore, the risk of errors or manipulation with financial resources is minimal that is apparently beneficial for the Institution, where the efficiency of fund use is traditionally one of the priorities.The data may be shared at several levels, among which it is possible to distinguish the information sharing between students and educators. In fact, data may be shared to obtain the information they may need about their current position and the correlation between their current position and their financial operations. For example, while working on projects that require financial resources, students and educators may share the financial information to ensure transparency of the fund use and the accuracy of financial calculations. In this regard, Powerfaids software and Jenzabar Software may help too (Brasure, 2014). In such a way, the data sharing helps students and educators to conduct the learning process successfully.Data Integration at a Urban Multicultural Community Co llege essay part 2

Chem lab Essay

Chem lab Essay Chem lab Essay Results: Part A: 3. 41 mL of HCl was added to 2.01 g of sodium benzoate solution and a thick solution formed with a white precipitate. After the pH of the solution reached 2, the solution with precipitate was separated by vacuum filtration and dried. After the first drying period the mass of the watch glass and solid was 27.50 g. After the second drying, the solid and watch glass weighed 27.38 g. A constant mass was reached after the second drying as the change in mass was 0.44% indicating a change in mass less that 0.5%. The final mass of the recovered solid was 0.97 g, which in comparison to the theoretical yield of 1.25 g showed a 77.6% yield. Melting point of the recovered solid was also determined to be 118.8-122.8 Â °C, which shows there may have been some impurity in the solid. Part B: A -10-260 Â °C thermometer was calibrated using 3 calibration points. The freezing point mark was calibrated using crushed ice and distilled water and a final temperature of 0.15Â °C was recorded with a -0.15Â °C calculated correction factor (see Table 1). For the boiling point, distilled water was boiled and the thermometer was placed in the vapour and a temperature of 102.1Â °C was recorded. The correction factor was calculated to be -2.2 Â °C, taking into account the atmospheric pressure of 757.4 mm Hg. For the 3rd calibration point the melting point of a sample of succinic acid was determined using a melting point apparatus. The melting point range was determined to be 185.4-189.2Â °C, giving an average melting point of 187.3Â °C with a correction factor of 0.70Â °C. See Figure 1. Thermometer Calibration Graph for a plot of the temperatures recorded vs. their correction factors. Discussion: Part A: Sodium benzoate is used to preserve certain foods against bacteria, yeasts and molds and is used to prolong their shelf life. This compound, when ingested has the potential to mix with stomach acid and undergo a chemical reaction. In a lab, sodium benzoate can be combined with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to simulate the stomach environment. The purpose of this experiment is to determine when these two substances are combined, whether a new substance will be formed. It was predicted that a new substance would form from the combination of sodium benzoate and HCl because when combined, a reaction takes place where protons will transfer from the acid (HCl) to the base (sodium benzoate) and will form benzoic acid, which being water insoluble, will precipitate from the solution. If the pH is low enough, this reaction should occur and since HCl is a strong acid, it is predicted this will occur. In the lab, when 2.01 g of sodium benzoate solution was combined with 3.41 mL HCl (which was when a pH of 2 was reached, similar to the pH of stomach acid), a precipitate did indeed form. 0.97 g of solid was recovered and a melting point range was determined to be 118.8-122.8Â °C, which supported the formation of benzoic acid. In conclusion, the lab experiment showed the formation of a new substance, which supported the initial hypothesis statement. The combination of sodium benzoate with HCl forms benzoic acid, a new substance, which may or may not have heath effects on those ingesting sodium benzoate as a preservative in foods. Part B: Lab thermometers differ in accuracy and therefore need to be calibrated. Three points were used to calibrate a thermometer including freezing point, boiling point and melting point. The temperatures measured were compared to literature values and a correction factor for the thermometer was determined accounting for any errors in thermometer temperature measurement. These points were plotted onto a graph so that future temperatures taken by the same thermometer can be corrected according to the determined correction factors from the thermometer calibration. For the freezing point a temperature of 0.15Â °C was measured, which gave a correction factor of -0.15 in comparison to the literature value of the freezing

All About the Economics of Interest

All About the Economics of Interest What is Interest?: Interest, as defined by economists, is the income earned by the lending of a sum of money. Often the amount of money earned is given as a percentage of the sum of money lent - this percentage is known as the interest rate. More formally, the Glossary of Economics Terms defines the interest rate as the yearly price charged by a lender to a borrower in order for the borrower to obtain a loan. This is usually expressed as a percentage of the total amount loaned. Interest Types and Types of Interest Rates: Not all types of loans earn the same rate of interest. Ceteris paribus (all else being equal), loans of longer duration and loans with more risk (that is, loans that are less likely to be paid off) are associated with higher interest rates. The article Whats the Difference Between all the Interest Rates in the Newspaper? discusses the different variety of interest rates. What Determines the Interest Rate?: We can think of the interest rate as being a price - the price to borrow a sum of money for a year. Like almost all other prices in our economy, it is determined by the twin forces of supply and demand. Here supply refers to the supply of loanable funds in an economy, and demand is the demand for loans. Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve and the Bank of Canada can influence the supply of loanable funds in a country by increasing or decreasing the supply of money. To learn more about the money supply see: Why does money have value? and Why Dont Prices Decline During A Recession? Interest Rates That Are Adjusted for Inflation: When determining whether or not to loan money, one needs to consider the fact that prices go up over time - what costs $10 today may cost $11 tomorrow. If you loan at a 5% interest rate, but prices rise 10% you will have less purchasing power by making the loan. This phenomenon is discussed in Calculating and Understanding Real Interest Rates. Interest Rates - How Low Can They Go?: In all likelihood we will never see a negative nominal (non-inflation adjusted) rate of interest, though in 2009 the idea of negative interest rates became popular as a possible way to stimulate the economy - see Why Not Negative Interest Rates?. These would be difficult to implement in practice. Even an interest rate of exactly zero would cause problems, as discussed in the article What Happens if Interest Rates Go To Zero?

Preparing Principals for Leadership in Special Education Essay

Preparing Principals for Leadership in Special Education - Essay Example Adhering to such components face challenges based on the requirements of the district education standards, demand, and supply of qualified faculties, special education teachers and principals (Palladino 2). Currently, the requirements and demands for qualified individuals for each area are high while the supply for personnel is low. Inadequate personnel to cater for the needs of special education directly influence the achievement of educational success among special needs students. Special education has distinct tendencies including its diverse, complex and unique nature because of the nature of the student it serves. This educational division has roles, responsibilities, and duties that differ from those found in non-special needs educational systems. Additionally, these aspects change rapidly and they follow the trends of changing budgets, policies, systems of accountability and best practices that govern their ability to serve this educational system (Palladino 3). In addition, t hese individuals face challenges as they strive to address the inadequacies amongst such students. In my opinion, special schooling leadership occurs as a multifaceted enterprise governed by the notions of social justice (Cooner, Tochterman and Garrison-Wade 4).Special education has four interweaving, but distinctive categories that include district leadership, site leadership, higher education leadership and special education teachers (Palladino 2). These components have different and unique roles in administration, education, and preparation of students with these disabilities. However, they are intertwined based on the influences of academic preparation in administration. For instance, district administration influences site administration influencing the retention of the special education teacher. Special education administration has a distinct place especially at crossroads of the discipline of education administration and special. This crossroad resembles the disciplines of ge neral education, special education and education administration. In such an environment, educational leadership plays a crucial role because they typify crucial concepts associated with effective schooling. The principal of an effective educational system must have the leadership capabilities to manage components of special education administration. The school principal should presume liability for the programs within the school especially in a special education context. This means that the principal must manage these programs including special education services to attain the ambitions of the teachers, education program, and student. According to Cooner, Tochterman, and Garrison-Wade (2005), educational leadership is a crucial variable that determines how effective a school runs. Experience is a crucial factor in ensuring effective educational systems and management of the special education program. For instance, a district may replace 60% of its principals leading to inexperienced management of the schools.  

Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Coursework - Essay Example Furthermore, section 2(1) of the HRA asserts that â€Å"A court or tribunal determining a question which has arisen in connection with a Convention right must take into account Convention rights† and any determinations by the European Court of Human Rights3. Moreover, section 3(1) imposes a positive obligation on judicial authorities to interpret all legislation â€Å"in away which is compatible with the Convention rights†. Accordingly, the HRA â€Å"has had the effect of incorporating the European Convention on Human rights into our law giving individuals rights which can be directly enforced in the UK courts4†. The focus of this analysis is to consider how the HRA has impacted the judicial approach to human rights claims prior to and after the implementation of the HRA, with reference to case law particularly Fitzpatrick v Sterling Housing Association5and Ghaidan v Mendoza.6 Prior to the implementation of the ECHR, the courts would exploit uncertainty in existing legal principles to incorporate Convention rights through the backdoor on public policy grounds7. For example, in the case of Waddington v Miah8, Lord Reid expressly referred to Article 7 of the Convention in reaching his determination exploiting ambiguity in existing legislation applicable to the case. However, the fundamental difference is that Parliamentary sovereignty was paramount, and prevented any significant increases in levels of human rights protection under national law prior to the HRA9. Moreover, Parliament was free to remove or control individual liberties at any time by passing appropriate legislation. However, the HRA goes further whereby the role of the judiciary is to act as guardian to individual human rights10. As such, it is argued that the HRA sets a new standard for all new legislation and provides essential powers to UK courts to enforce Convention rights, thereby arguably forcing

Cask of the Amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cask of the Amontillado - Essay Example I indulged myself on reading the story severally to understand the plot of the narrative. I learnt that the story is narrated by a character known as Montresor who is planning to kill his friend, Fortunato, who insulted him. The two characters come from the equal social class and are highly respected because of the affluence they possess. The story shows how Montresor planned to kill Fortunato using his fondness for wine, the amontillado, during the carnival season (Poe, 57). He manages to kill his friend by trapping him in a small crypt where he was supposed to find out whether the wine was amontillado. Symbols in the story helped me in comprehending the plot and the story of the shirt story (Poe, 3). For example, ‘Fortunato’ as a name is ironic device since the name originates from ‘fortunate’ in Italian. This is the opposite of what happens since Fortunato was unfortunate in his life when he was tricked by his friend and finally met his

Monoclonal antibody vs small molecules pharmacology Essay

Monoclonal antibody vs small molecules pharmacology - Essay Example y development, their different characteristics, clinical trial design, choice of study population, study design guidelines, estimation of the first dose, study design guidelines, and regulatory agencies shall all be investigated. A conclusion will thus be drawn. Given the risky and fatal impact of failed drug production in humans, the need to be comprehensively certain of the efficacy, function and overall pharmacological outcomes of a clinical drug is very important. It is against this backdrop that early human exploratory development has been used over the years as the first part of any clinical development phase of a novel compound or clinical drug where the compound or drug is assessed for tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics in humans (Jefferis, 2007). There are number of ways in which mAbs have been noted to be different from conventional small molecule drugs. First, Telling (2004) indicated that there is a major interspecies variation between the use of the two molecule forms. What is more, mAbs exhibit less homogenous biological production process when compared to small molecules. Directly related to the action of the biological production is the fact that the mAb is able to achieve specificity of action during drug development but no such specificity of action is achieved for small molecules (Vorberg et al., 2000). Again, the target toxicity for mAbs have been found to be unspecific as there could be on and off target toxicity, accompanied with a highly complex PK:PD relationship. In terms of the field research that have been performed for these two molecule forms, Treon et al. (2005) argued that mAb has seen a relatively youthful research field, most of which have showed outcomes of rare to no linear dose response. What is mo re, there is an unpredictable effect on the immune system complex when mAb is used. among other factors, there is poor oral bioavailability, long half-life, and complex non-linear kinetics in mAb when in actual fact

Information Systems and Business Processes Essay

Information Systems and Business Processes - Essay Example This approach will affect the revenue and cost of running the video game business (Halpin at el., 2011). Additionally, it will allow proper understanding and incorporation of the management approach since the business strategic assets as a process will allow the managers to understand, improve, and manage value-adding services to the clients or children. Business information systems are usually applied in the business processes to provide required information in delivering services to the clients. The advancement in the internet provides services provide a perfect platform for the business information systems to be used effective and interactively in service delivery (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Therefore, in the video game business, the internet will be used to source the information from the clients or children and the service or game provider (Dumas, 2013). Additionally, the business will apply the computer technology or the already readily available software for billing and timin g the game. The use of these technologies will ensure that even distribution time to all games is achieved. Additionally, the same software will enable the business to calculate its profits or losses as it is expected that the system will register all times used per computer. Notably, effective application of the timing and billing technology of the video games per video game will reduce cost of running the business since only one employee may be able to run all the computers in the rooms from a central point. Moreover, there will be increased efficiency and effectiveness in running the business. However, a challenge may emerge when (Halpin at el., 2011); the entrusted employee to the business learns a new technique or mode of adjusting time to these systems. In essence, if that occurs, then losses may be registered without knowing since calculations of time and cumulative amount generated in the business will be calculated from coded data. When such may be the case, then the busine ss plans to incorporate additional data point that is only known to the business owner (Dumas, 2013). This data storage point must code the same information as that managed by the employee; however, edition of such information must never affect its data. Additionally, the systems using internet are usually pound to virus threats. To ensure that all the games are accessible effectively and efficiently at all times to the clients, the business shall ensure that it is abreast with all antivirus software among other new technologies in the market that protect it products and services from being effective to the clients (Halpin at el., 2011). To ensure that children do not misuse the internet by login into antisocial site, the business will use internet technological software or knowledge to ensure that such site are not accessible within its servers (Halpin at el., 2011). Additionally, the business shall ensure that only its programs can operate through its products or computer systems (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Therefore, to ensure that this is achieved and children maintain high morals without being unethical and antisocial within the business enterprise, complicated software such as the windows 2008 will be installed so children can only access limited applications. Nonetheless, the use of such complicated software will also increase creativity and critical thinking of the

Individual reflective assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual reflective assessment - Essay Example many skills and the module ‘Academic Skills for Accountancy’ has helped me a lot in developing some of the skills required for the profession of auditing. Following are skills related to accounting that I have developed throughout the module. One of the most important skills for an auditor is to be able to critically evaluate the audit evidence obtained as a result of the audit procedures which include inquiries from the management, observation of the procedures done by management and inspection of accounting records. Through this semester, I have developed this skill significantly. The course has introduced me to specifics of the skills required for critical evaluation of evidence. For the forthcoming year, I plan to develop this skill by conducting further research on the audit and by studying practical examples regarding audits of significant entities. One of the most important areas that would be focused would be of professional scepticism. Professional scepticism is the ability of an auditor to keep a questioning mind and this attitude helps the auditor not to generalize the results of the evaluation of evidence obtained. I would learn how to develop professional scepticism. An ability every accountant must have is the ability to analyse the information provided and to draw conclusions with sufficient rationalization. The same skill is also important for an auditor because it is the responsibility of an auditor to analyse the evidence obtained and to provide a reasonable assurance backed by rationalized conclusions. The semester helped me significantly in improving this ability (Cottrell 2008). In accounting, each transaction has a dual effect therefore if any one part of the transaction is not recorded, it can be traced from the other part. Thus, everything in the financial records becomes linked and the missing links can be found by analysing the recorded information. The same skill is also highly important for the profession of auditing. Since this is

Information Systems and Business Processes Essay

Information Systems and Business Processes - Essay Example This approach will affect the revenue and cost of running the video game business (Halpin at el., 2011). Additionally, it will allow proper understanding and incorporation of the management approach since the business strategic assets as a process will allow the managers to understand, improve, and manage value-adding services to the clients or children. Business information systems are usually applied in the business processes to provide required information in delivering services to the clients. The advancement in the internet provides services provide a perfect platform for the business information systems to be used effective and interactively in service delivery (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Therefore, in the video game business, the internet will be used to source the information from the clients or children and the service or game provider (Dumas, 2013). Additionally, the business will apply the computer technology or the already readily available software for billing and timin g the game. The use of these technologies will ensure that even distribution time to all games is achieved. Additionally, the same software will enable the business to calculate its profits or losses as it is expected that the system will register all times used per computer. Notably, effective application of the timing and billing technology of the video games per video game will reduce cost of running the business since only one employee may be able to run all the computers in the rooms from a central point. Moreover, there will be increased efficiency and effectiveness in running the business. However, a challenge may emerge when (Halpin at el., 2011); the entrusted employee to the business learns a new technique or mode of adjusting time to these systems. In essence, if that occurs, then losses may be registered without knowing since calculations of time and cumulative amount generated in the business will be calculated from coded data. When such may be the case, then the busine ss plans to incorporate additional data point that is only known to the business owner (Dumas, 2013). This data storage point must code the same information as that managed by the employee; however, edition of such information must never affect its data. Additionally, the systems using internet are usually pound to virus threats. To ensure that all the games are accessible effectively and efficiently at all times to the clients, the business shall ensure that it is abreast with all antivirus software among other new technologies in the market that protect it products and services from being effective to the clients (Halpin at el., 2011). To ensure that children do not misuse the internet by login into antisocial site, the business will use internet technological software or knowledge to ensure that such site are not accessible within its servers (Halpin at el., 2011). Additionally, the business shall ensure that only its programs can operate through its products or computer systems (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Therefore, to ensure that this is achieved and children maintain high morals without being unethical and antisocial within the business enterprise, complicated software such as the windows 2008 will be installed so children can only access limited applications. Nonetheless, the use of such complicated software will also increase creativity and critical thinking of the

Reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflective paper - Essay Example Algebra is one of the most difficult concepts and students easily repel this when they have to deal with problems that involve algebraic expressions. This part of mathematics involves a great deal of solving for the unknown and contains unto itself different aspects and areas of study expressed in variables that require more advance skills than regular problem solving. Algebra used to be an advanced subject that was usually taught in higher grades but this had been revised and more recently students as early as pre-K-2 are already introduced to this area of mathematics which further proves the emphasis duly given to it (Biilstein, Libeskind and Lott, 2010). Keeping in mind that some students may be at different levels in terms of comprehending algebraic equations, it would be indispensable to start the lesson by giving an overview on this concept and expounding from an introduction to the definition of variable and how this is important in algebra. There must be some form of process where the students will be assimilated to a reinforced attitude that allows for algebraic thinking. Teaching algebra may be challenging especially when there will definitely be students who simply rebuff the idea of having to deal with the subject. There are ways to avoid this attitude but it requires patience and an open mind. To this end it may also be helpful to start with algebraic expressions in more tangible terms by incorporating picture examples and other more common things and then slowly building up to an advance level when the students are deemed to be ready and able to solve by themselves more complicated problems. This course had been very helpful in integrating the theoretical element of teaching mathematic and perceiving them in the actual room setting. There had been many fundamental concepts that are often overlooked that we as teachers must be mindful of when teaching the subject and in the profession in general. The book offers a comprehensive take on mathematics with a holistic presentation of concepts and lessons that are presented not only in a conventional manner but aims to be more interactive and encompassing by including historical sidebars, colorful presentations and multilevel approach which is not only useful for the teacher but also translates to effective classroom management. Being a professional mathematics teacher would pose some difficulties in ascertaining the level of the students and enabling them to appreciate mathematics especially when most of them already have preconceived notions that math is a difficult subject. Most students easily shy away when faced with demanding math problems without exerting effort to try and solve on their own. This is the main dilemma for any mathematics teacher and this consumes most of the problems that are encountered inside the classroom. The concepts that I have learned provides for a thorough appreciation of not only mathematics as a subject but the application of available theories and proven perspectives that all point towards a congruent teaching strategy for me as a teacher and an innovative appreciation that may hopefully be imbued by the students. In most of the lessons, there were graphical equations and alternative solutions that are useful when faced with difficult math problems.

Reviewing The Issues Of Software Systems Information Technology Essay

Reviewing The Issues Of Software Systems Information Technology Essay In this paper I am particularly focus on the issue of failure in relation to that group of software systems known as information systems. Then I am going to discuss two well-known cases that of the London ambulance service computer-aided dispatch system (L ) project and The London stock exchange (TAURUS) project, and describe strong failure factors of information systems failure. My purpose is also to use the generic material on IS failure and the specific details of this particular case study to critique the issues of safety, Literature review Like most computing professionals in the UK we were aware of the failure, using this term broadly, of the computer aided dispatch (CAD) system deployed by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) in, or shortly after, For orientation a short sketch of the report follows. There have been a number of other analyses of the LAS CAD system failure of which Mellor (1994) is probably the most useful. The London Ambulance System Disaster, 1992 Overview The basic functionality of the intended LASCAD system was as follows: British Telecom (BT) operators would route all 999 calls concerning medical emergencies as a matter of routine to LAS headquarters (HQ) in Waterloo. 18 HQ receivers were then expected to record on the system the name, telephone number and address of the caller, and the name, destination address and brief details of the patient. This information would then be transmitted over a local area network to a locator. The system was lightly loaded at start-up on 26 October 1992. Any problems, caused particularly by the communications systems (such as ambulance crews pressing the wrong buttons, or ambulances being radioed in black spots), could be effectively managed by staff. However, as the number of ambulance incidents increased, the amount of incorrect vehicle information recorded by the system increased. This had a knock-on effect in that the system made incorrect allocations on the basis of the information it had. For example, multiple vehicles were sent to the same incident, or the closest vehicle was not chosen for dispatch. As a consequence, the system had fewer ambulance resources to allocate. The system also placed calls that had not gone through the appropriate protocol on a waiting list and generated exception messages for those incidents for which it had received incorrect status information. Indeed, the number of exception messages appears to have increased to such an extent the staf f were not able to clear the queue. It became increasingly difficult for staff to attend to messages that had scrolled off the screen. The increasing size of the queue slowed the system. Factors Contributed to Such a Disaster Managerial failure Technical failure Human failure Managerial failure LAS management ignored or chose not accept advice provided to it from many sources outside of the service on the time table or the high risk of the comprehensive systems requirement The project did not show, or discuss with, the LAS Board independence references on the lead CAD contractor, that raised doubts on their ability to handle such a major project The LAS boards were given a misleading impression, by the project team of the previous experience of the lead contractor in emergency service system In awarding the contract for CAD to a small software house, with no previous experience of similar systems, LAS management were taking higher risk Project management throughout the development and implantation process was inadequate and at times ambiguous. A major system integration project such as CAD requires full time. Professional, experienced project management, this was lacking There was incomplete ownership of the system by the majority of it users. The many problems identified with many of the system components over the preceding months had installed an atmosphere of system destruct in which staff expected system to fail rather than willing it to succeed LAS board and RHA management, whilst realizing that there were continuing problems with the implementation of CAD, consistently accepted assurances from executive directors that problems were being rectified and that successful implementation would be achieved at no time was a full independent review commissioned of the true state of the project Technical failure LAS fail to follow the PRINCE project Management Method in the set up and operation of an information Technology (IT) executive committee, project board, project management team and project assurance team: London Ambulance Service The CAD system relied on near perfect information on vehicle location and status being available to it at all times. The project team failed to appreciate fully the impact that a higher level of imperfection would have on the system The system was not fully tested to a satisfactory level of quality and resilience before full implementation on 26 October 1992 On 26 and 27 October 1992 the computer system itself did not fail in a technical sense. Response times did on occasions become unacceptable, but overall the system did what it had been designed to do. However, much of the design had fatal flaws that would, and did, cumulatively lead to all of the symptoms of systems failure On 4 November 1992 the system did fail. This was caused by a minor programming error that caused the system to crash The automatic change over to the backup system had not been adequately tested, those the whole system was brought down Human failure Training provided to CAD staff and to ambulance crews was incomplete and inconsistent LAS management consultancy attributed CAD problems to willful misuse of the system by some ambulance crews. There is no direct evidence of this, but the circumstantial evidence that does exist indirect to the Inquiry Team that it would have been only one of the many contributory factors that led to the CAD failure In the period leading up to an including 26 and27 October 1992 there were insufficient control assistants taking emergency call. This contributed to an unacceptable level of calling times. This has since been rectified Conclusion Failure was due to a complex mix of factors Participation alone is not sufficient but helps! Expectation of failure plays a part does not meet the needs of the stakeholders Systems should strive to meet the shared goals needs of the different stakeholders LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE (TAURUS) FAILURE Introduction The London stock exchange is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world with numerous foreign listings as well as British organizations In 1989 the London Stock Exchange (LSE) put forward a proposal for a computerized system to ensure that share certificates and cash changed hands between the interested parties after the trading transaction; implicit in this was the dematerialization of stock certificates. It was a big project with hundreds of staff contracted in and lots of external pressures from various different stakeholders. The initial goals of the system were 4 folded. Competitive Efficiency Cost Service What TAURUS Team did wrong? Lack of executive and stakeholders support Based on the problems encountered it seem that the project manager was not that experience Have a large expanding scope Went ahead with the implementation of a system with lack of user and stakeholders commitment. Lack of skilled resources and clear complete specs. Reason for TAURUS Collapse Poor monitoring and controlling Monitoring a project work includes collecting, measuring, and disseminating performance information. If TAURUS management had good monitoring and control practices they would have known when they project was not meeting project objectives Poor management of the nine project management knowledge areas Knowledge Areas TAURUS project managers managed the nine project management knowledge areas poorly Scope: If they had managed the scope of the project effective the huge scope creep would not have been encountered. Cost: If this was managed effectively the project would not have gone over budget 100% Time: If this area had been manage effective the project would not have had a schedule overrun by 100% Quality: If the quality area of the system was manage properly the specification was have been clear and complete Risk: If the risk had been managed effectively they might have been able to abundant the project earlier. Communication: If communication was managed all changes and delay would be communicated in a timely. Human resources: skilled resources would be acquired and utilized. Integrated Change Control If TAURUS had an integrated change control they might have been able to influence the factors that create changes to ensure that changes are beneficial and control the scope of the project. Changes would be communicated to top management and steering committee in a timely manner and they would be able to manage these changes as they occur because change control is a critical success factors. Project Management Issues Poor Management of triple constraints SCOPE TAURUS managers failed to control and monitor the scope of the project TIME Management failed to define maintain and utilize clear timetables with small milestones COST Management failed to maintain and track change to the project budget Additionally, the budget and time constraints of the projects were seen to be a differentiator to their success. Goulielmos (2003) states that of the four concepts of failure in Information Systems is process failure where the project over runs its budget or time constrictions. TAURUS did both incurring increasing media attention and scrutiny, which led to an increase in pressure on the project team (Head, 2001). Conclusion Throughout the project there were several warning signs that were missed. The project completion date was delayed 100% Constantly changing requirements Project not being accepted by major stakeholders Incomplete specifications 100% over cost. Fragmentation of the project (components to work together) Appraisal of leading system development methodologies Waterfall Model This is the most common and classic of life cycle models, also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model.   It is very simple to understand and use.   In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed in its entirety before the next phase can begin.   At the end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard the project.   Unlike what I mentioned in the general model, phases do not overlap in a waterfall model. Waterfall Life Cycle Model Advantages Simple and easy to use. One of the main advantages of the waterfall model is its simplicity. It is conceptually straightforward and divides the large task of building a software system into a series of cleanly divided phases, each phase dealing with a separate logical concern. It is also easy to administer in a contractual setup-as each phase is completed and its work product produced, some amount of money is given by the customer to the developing organization. The project management stakeholders are forced to correctly define the business requirements documentation (BRD) and the project management requirements. At the sometime the developers are forced to understand these thoroughly before they start writing the software requirements specification (SRS), high level design and code. It essentially requires documentation at every stage. This gives better understanding of the requirements, the logic of the codes and tests that were conducted on the software.   Disadvantages The project scope statement needs to be detailed in infinite depth from the start because changes are not possible when using waterfall methodology. This is because the only way to amend something which has been already developed is to go back and start again. This will cause huge problems on projects where the project sponsors are indecisive and quickly causes scope creep. Project communications with the client are extremely limited being either at the beginning or at the end of the development. In between, there is no way in which one can get feedback or potentially clarify any confusion over what the requirement actually means. The knock on effect is that it is up to the project team to make the key decisions on what requirements can be developed within the timeframes required, and what is developed later in a later deployment release by project planning in teams. This not only increases the overall time required to develop the software but also means that despite the teams best efforts, the customer may still be extremely unhappy with the end product delivered. Key team members stay idle for long durations. You see Waterfall does not operate on a matrix basis which makes project resource management an extremely rigid activity. Basically those allocated to the project stay on it until that phase is over. This as we can imagine, has a direct knock on effect on the project budget. It is a very inflexible method which does not entertain any change in requirements and which makes any subsequent functionality changes required extremely difficult and expensive to implement. As such the fast pace of changing requirements determined makes this methodology difficult to use and calls for more quick methods of software development such as agile methodology. Prototyping Model This is a cyclic version of the linear model. In this model, once the requirement analysis is done and the design for a prototype is made, the development process gets started. Once the prototype is created, it is given to the customer for evaluation. The customer tests the package and gives his/her feed back to the developer who refines the product according to the customers exact expectation. After a finite number of iterations, the final software package is given to the customer. In this methodology, the software is evolved as a result of periodic shuttling of information between the customer and developer. This is the most popular development model in the contemporary IT industry. Most of the successful software products have been developed using this model as it is very difficult to comprehend all the requirements of a customer in one shot. Advantages For example, design documents, a test plan, and a test case specification are not needed during the development of the prototype. Another important cost-cutting measure is to reduce testing. Because testing consumes a major part of development expenditure during regular software development, this has a considerable impact in reducing costs. By using these types of cost cutting methods, it is possible to keep the cost of the prototype to less than a few percent of the total development cost. Overall, prototyping is well suited for projects where requirements are hard to determine and the confidence in the stated requirements is low. In such projects where requirements are not properly understood in the beginning, using the prototyping process model can be the most effective method for developing the software. It is also an excellent technique for reducing some types of risks associated with a project. Agile Methodology Agile methodology is an approach to project management, typically used in software development. It helps teams respond to the unpredictability of building software through incremental, iterative work cadences, 10 Key Principles of Agile Software Development, Active user involvement is imperative 2. The team must be empowered to make decisions 3. Requirements evolve but the timescale is fixed 4. Capture requirements at a high level; lightweight visual 5. Develop small, incremental releases and iterate 6. Focus on frequent delivery of products 7. Complete each feature before moving on to the next 8. Apply the 80/20 rule 9. Testing is integrated throughout the project lifecycle test early and often 10. A collaborative cooperative approach between all stakeholders is essential IT/IS Projects Fail. And How Agile Principles Help Common cause of failure How agile helps Project Initiation Planning Issues Poor definition of project scope and objectives Agile projects also benefit from clear definition of scope and objectives, even though details are allowed to emerge throughout the development. Insufficient time or money given to project If only agile could solve this! Long or unrealistic timescales; forcing project end dates despite best estimates Agile projects encourage short and regular iterations, developing the software and delivering working product in small bite size pieces. Technical Requirements Issues Poor or no requirements definition; incomplete or changing requirements Agile projects expect requirements to be incomplete and changing. Thats the nature of software. Instead of resisting this, agile projects provide for it by allowing requirements are allowed to emerge and evolve. Requirements being produced on a feature-by-feature basis, just in time to be developed, help with definition because it breaks this intensive task into small pieces instead of being a mammoth effort up front. Unfamiliar or changing technologies; lack of required technical skills Agile methods dont help directly with this issue, although can help to surface such issues early, and make them visible. Stakeholder Management Team Issues Inadequate visibility of project status Agile projects provide clear visibility of measurable progress on a daily basis. Project team members lack experience and do not have the required skills Agile principles may help to surface such issues early, as they may well be evident in early iterations of the software. Frequent delivery of iterations and continuous testing can help to mitigate this risk when it might otherwise go unnoticed until much later in the project. Poor collaboration, communication and teamwork Close cooperation and collaboration between all stakeholders is essential. Project Management Issues Weak ongoing management; inadequately trained or inexperienced project managers Agile methods and principles are just management tools. A fool with a tool is still a fool! Ineffective time and cost management Daily visibility of measurable progress. Conclusion The most Causes for Software Projects to fail Changes in Requirements Classical Software Development life cycles assume that the requirements are fixed at the beginning of the project, Customer only sees the product at the end of the software development, Customer is not aware of the current status of the Software Development. This happens due to changes in the Business environment, as the customer uses a software module, he/she will see new features that are necessary All modern software development methodologies (such as Agile) encourage shorter iterations, usually iterations are measured in weeks, and the developers demo the new features during the meetings with the customer at the end of each iteration. The customer can provide valuable feedback that will ensure that the software developed will meet the customers actual requirements.